库存与运输联合优化利润分配研究

零售商和供应商库存运输联合优化(ITIO)利润分配是关系到双方切身利益,库存运输联合优化业务能否顺利开展,供应链能否开拓新的利润增长点,供应链能否提高竞争力的重要问题.本文把讨价还价模型引入ITIO利润分配中,建立了ITIO利润分配讨价还价模型,并使用逆向归纳法解出模型的完美贝叶斯均衡,再对ITIO利润讨价还价的完美贝叶斯均衡进行比较分析.研究发现:当ITIO利润分配在第一阶段达成协议时,双方利润分配份额大小不仅受自身的耐心程度影响,还要受对方的耐心程度影响;耐心程度越高供应商在第一阶段的报价不一定越高;具有较高分散优化利润的供应商不一定总报较低的价格;当ITIO联合优化利润分配进入第二阶段,那么零售商在第二阶段的最优利润分配比例与其分散优化利润和ITIO联合优化利润正相关,与其对供应商分散优化利润分布估值下限负相关.     

考虑质押物损耗的存货质押融资决策模型

质押物的完整性是关系存货质押融资业务能否顺利开展的重要问题,质押物损耗长期困扰各参与方,阻碍了存货质押融资业务的顺利开展。考虑质押物损耗和第三方物流企业对质押物监管所带来的损耗节约的基础上,研究了存货质押融资最优决策。研究表明:当零售商的初始现金余额很低时,零售商的最优订购数量随着初始现金余额的增加而减少,之后零售商最优订货量保持不变,直到初始现金余额大于某一水平时,零售商的最优订货量开始增加;在零售商贷款且不存在破产风险时,银行的收益随着零售商初始现金余额增加而减少;当风险估值是需求的增函数时,零售商的最优订货量随利率减少。     

基于CVaR的第三方回收闭环供应链的优化与协调

利用条件风险值理论研究了第三方回收闭环供应链的优化与协调问题。在随机需求与收益共享———费用共担契约下,建立了由单个风险规避零售商、单个风险规避制造商和单个风险中性第三方回收商组成的三阶闭环供应链的条件风险值模型和基于条件风险值的最优订购与定价决策模型。在对模型进行分析的基础上,揭示了制造商和零售商的风险规避水平对最优订购量、最优定价、条件风险值及闭环供应链协调性的影响。最后通过一个算例验证了研究结论。     

政府补贴下的三级低碳供应链减排博弈研究

本文分别构建了政府补贴下,供应链上企业单独减排、供应商对制造商碳减排成本进行分担、供应商和零售商均对制造商碳减排成本进行分担3种减排模型,求解得到不同减排模式下,包括成本分担率和单位减排量在内的供应链最优决策。研究发现,政府补贴率的提升反而使成本分担率降低。通过博弈分析及算例验证得出：在供应链上三方企业联合减排下,即供应商和零售商都对制造商的碳减排研发提供资金支持时,单位产品的减排量及各企业利润达到最大,仅供应商对制造商碳减排成本分担时次之, 供应链上企业单独减排时最小, 但仅供应商一方对制造商的碳减排成本进行分担时的成本分担率,比其与零售商同时分担时的要大。这些结论为政府确立合适的补贴方案及供应链上企业减排策略的制定提供了理论依据。     

考虑损失厌恶和锚定效应的零售商订货研究

库存问题是影响工业企业运营效率的重要因素, 为了研究非理性心理对零售商订货行为的影响, 本文在经典报童问题基础上, 结合决策行为中损失厌恶心理和锚定不充分调整启发式, 对零售商订货量进行了研究。 （1） 对具有损失厌恶和锚定效应的零售商订货进行建模; （2） 研究了损失厌恶系数、锚定系数以及随机误差对零售商最优订货量的影响; （3） 进行算例分析, 并且分析了损失厌恶系数和锚定系数对零售商订货量的联合影响。 发现锚定系数对零售商订货量的影响远大于损失厌恶系数, 但在低利润产品条件下, 决策者对历史信息的锚定行为在一定程度上能中和损失厌恶导致的零售商订货量偏差。     

基于订购成本修正的经济批量模型改进

传统订货批量没有考虑订购成本结构的不同,相对粗糙。文章通过分离订购成本中的固定成本,得到修正后的经济订购批量。修正后的订购批量能更清楚地显示成本结构和在订购批量决策时管理重点的转移,更多地考虑分摊固定成本和优化库存成本。     

海外经验：日本的玩具销售渠道建设案例

日本的婴幼儿商品的分销系统是多层次分销系统,包括制造商、批发商、贸易公司、代理公司和零售商。婴幼儿产品的出口程序也是这样的,外贸产品供应商把产品卖给外贸商,外贸商把产品交给批发商,批发商最后把产品卖给零售商。对于海外供应商,批发商作为中间商提供合适而及时的信息的作用。批发商要为零售商提供各种数量少而下单频繁的商品,因为零售商往往由于空间太小和费用太高而没有太多的库存。由于日本产品责任法要求出口商要对出口商品出现的问题负责,所以许多零售商选择从出口商或者在出问题时能采取适当行动的批发商那里进口商品。     

基于促销行为的供应链牛鞭效应分析

供应链中的牛鞭效应起源于管理者追求利润最大化的理性决策,价格波动是产生牛鞭效应的主要原因之一,而价格波动常常是由零售商周期性地采取一些特殊促销行为引起的.本文通过考虑在动态需求环境下,存在一个包含有一个供应商与一个零售商的简单供应链,当下游零售商有促销行为时与无促销行为时进行定量分析比较,并分析基于促销行为的零售商收益大于库存成本时的牛鞭效应,结果表明,零售商的促销行为很大程度上加剧了牛鞭效应,只有当产品价格比较稳定时,才能尽量避免和减少牛鞭效应.     

零售商的风险规避特性和公平偏好对绿色供应链运作的影响

针对市场需求的不确定性,本文通过建立风险规避型零售商与风险中性供应商的Stackelberg博弈模型,供应商为主导者,综合考虑零售商风险规避特性和公平偏好心理对该供应链运作产生的影响。研究发现,当风险规避型零售商不具有公平意识时,零售商的风险规避程度与供应商的批发价、绿色创新投入水平以及供应商和供应链整体的效用正相关;供应商的绿色成本系数的大小可影响风险规避程度对产品售价以及零售商效用的影响。当风险规避型零售商具有公平偏好时,零售商的公平偏好负向影响产品售价、批发价以及供应商绿色投入水平和供应商效用;零售商公平偏好对零售商以及供应链效用产生的影响受到零售商风险规避程度的影响。     

炼铁智能优化配矿系统研究及实践

基于钢铁企业内部库存数据、质量数据和生产数据,设计配矿数据整合、配矿计划制定、配矿方案追踪三大模块,构建符合钢铁企业配矿逻辑和流程的炼铁智能优化配矿系统。优化配矿系统充分考虑钢铁企业铁矿粉库存、烧结矿质量、高炉原料配比需求,利用数据挖掘等算法,明确决策变量,设计目标函数和约束条件,避免各生产环节的需求冲突。同时,针对不同的配矿情境,形成差异化的配矿策略,以适应钢铁企业的多变需求。以优化配矿系统的计算结果作为依据,不仅可以评估原料使用计划的合理性,也能够指导新原料采购。促进了钢铁企业从“局部工序成本最优”向“全局产线成本最优”的转变,实现了大型炼铁产线资源的优化配置,对钢铁企业降本增效起到了巨大的推动作用。     

Unimodality of price-setting newsvendor's objective function with multiplicative demand and its applications

We present a general solution framework for the price-setting newsvendor problem with a multiplicative stochastic demand. Under mild assumptions, such as increasing price elasticity on the mean demand function and increasing generalized failure rate on the distribution of the random factor, we first prove that both the profit function with respect to price and its derived function with respect to order quantity are quasi-concave. Three applications are then studied under our solution framework: (1) We consider a wholesale price only contract by which a manufacturer sets a wholesale price and a newsvendor determines an order quantity and the retail price, and show that the manufacturer's profit function is unimodal with respect to retailing price or stocking factor under certain conditions. (2) We consider a newsvendor problem in which the demand depends on both the retail price and the level of sales effort, and the cost exerting the sales effort is proportional to the order quantity; we prove that there exists a unique pair of price and sales-effort levels that maximize the total profit. This result is established under a set of mild assumptions on the demand and cost functions. (3) We identify a property in the single-period profit function that satisfies Condition 1 of Huh and Janakiraman (2008), which in turn guarantees the optimality of (s, S) policy for an infinite stationary dynamic inventory-price control system with lost sales and fixed order costs. Finally, the unimodality of the newsvendor problem with a general stochastic and price-sensitive demand is studied.     

Optimal pricing and order quantity for the newsvendor problem with free shipping

To attract and keep customers, companies, especially those in e-business, are increasingly offering free shipping to buyers whose order sizes exceed the free shipping quantity. In this paper, given the supplier offers free shipping and the retailer faces stochastic demand, we determine the retailer's (i.e., the newsvendor's) optimal order quantity and the optimal selling price simultaneously. We consider two different ways in which price affects the demand distribution, namely price only affects the location or scale of the demand distribution. We explicitly incorporate the supplier's quantity discount and transportation cost into the models. The transportation cost function is very general, which includes those most commonly used in the literature. We numerically examine the impacts of free shipping, quantity discount, transportation cost, and demand variance on the retailer's optimal order quantity and pricing decisions. We find that even though the retailer faces uncertain demand, free shipping can effectively encourage the retailer to order more of the good and can benefit the supplier, the retailer, and the end customers. An increase in transportation cost or a decrease in purchase price will induce the retailer to order more of the good and decrease the retail price. With increasing demand variance, the retailer should order more of the good. We also find that the newsvendor can cope with demand variance by taking advantage of free shipping.     

Analysis of the newsboy problem with fuzzy demands and incremental discounts

This paper proposes an analysis method for the single-period (newsboy) inventory problem with fuzzy demands and incremental quantity discounts. In fuzzy environments, the availability of the quantity discount makes the analysis of the associated model more complex. The proposed analysis method is based on ranking fuzzy number and optimization theory. By applying the Yager ranking method, the fuzzy total cost functions with different unit purchasing costs are transformed into convex piecewise nonlinear functions. To effectively and efficiently find the optimal inventory policy, the proofs of two properties regarding the relative position between the price break and minimums of these nonlinear functions are proposed. The closed-form solutions to the optimal order quantities are also derived. Four cases of a numerical example are solved to demonstrate the validity of the proposed analysis method. It is clear that the proposed methodology is applicable to further cases with different types of quantity discounts and other more complicated cases. More importantly, managerial implications are also provided for decision-makers’ references.     

中国铁路客运高峰负荷定价模型分析

中国铁路客运供需矛盾非常突出，铁路客运具有的双高峰、高峰固定等特点，进一步加剧了供需矛盾；现行定价体系导致需求相对过旺，供给能力难以迅速增长；必须在考虑需求弹性和交叉弹性的基础上．针对中国铁路特性科学制定客运价格。本文利用相关数据对定价原则所涉及到的变量进行了实证测算，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Markup pricing in petroleum refining:: A multiproduct framework

This paper describes a structural model of markup pricing under joint production with quasi-fixed inputs of capital, labor, and inventories. The price–cost markups are functions of the inverse price elasticity of demand, an industry average conjectural variation elasticity, and the inventory to sales ratio. Our empirical findings suggest significant markups over marginal cost that differ considerably by product. This study also estimates the elasticities of markups with respect to supply and demand shocks.     

Joint pricing and procurement of fashion products in the existence of clearance markets

This paper focuses on the joint pricing and procurement of fashion products in the existence of clearance markets. It is assumed that the expected regular season demand is a linear decreasing function of the price and the end of period excess inventory is sold at a known discounted price in a clearance market where the demand is a random variable that follows a general distribution. It is shown that the expected profit function is unimodal and the optimal procurement quantity and price can be found from the first order conditions. Existence of a clearance market increases the profit, price, and the procurement quantity. In order to prove this, the optimal procurement and pricing policy of a price-setting retailer who does not have a clearance market is provided. As opposed to the literature, it is shown that the expected profit function of this problem is unimodal as well. A numerical study demonstrating the magnitude of the increase in profit, procurement quantity, and price is reported.     

Professional associations and their members: A study of the market for professional services when ability and size are independent

The members of a professional group are organized in an association which influences ability requirements and size in order to keep either the price, its own revenues or the members' incomes as high as possible. Ability is, contrary to earlier approaches, treated as a matter of education rather than selection. The members are free to set quantity and/or price in order to maximize income. The association incentive to influence size and ability is shown to depend on how demand elasticity changes with these variables. New types of misallocations such as ‘exclusive incompetence’ may emerge.     

A protectionist foodgrain price policy : The case of rice in Panama

Panama has pursued a protectionist price policy for rice, with domestic prices well above the world market level. The government marketing authority purchases sufficient rice to support the established price level and stores or exports the surplus. Although producers benefit, this policy imposes significant costs on consumers, government expenditures and economic efficiency. One policy recommendation is to bring domestic prices in line with the international level. Although free trade is one possibility, a market stabilization programme could be retained. At a minimum Panama's rice price should reflect domestic demand and not production costs. The unfavourable rice-fertilizer price ratio also deserves attention.     

An integrated production–distribution model for the dynamic location and allocation problem with safety stock optimization

The design and management of a multi-stage production–distribution system is one of the most critical problems in logistics and in facility management. Companies need to be able to evaluate and design different configurations for their logistic networks as quickly as possible. This means coordinating the entire supply chain effectively in order to minimize costs and simultaneously optimize facilities location, the allocation of customer demand to production/distribution centers, the inbound and outbound transportation activities, the product flows between production and/or warehousing facilities, the reverse logistics activities, etc.Full optimization of supply chain is achieved by integrating strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making in terms of the design, management, and control of activities. The cost-based and mixed-integer programming model presented in this study has been developed to support management in making the following decisions: the number of facilities (e.g. warehousing systems, distribution centers), the choice of their locations and the assignment of customer demand to them, and also incorporate tactical decisions regarding inventory control, production rates, and service-level determination in a stochastic environment. This paper presents an original model for the dynamic location–allocation problem with control of customer service level and safety stock optimization. An experimental analysis identifies the most critical factors affecting the logistics cost, and to finish, an industrial application is illustrated demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach.