从古镇旅游消费看传统性与现代性、后现代性的关系

正后现代主义(post-modernism)本质上是社会经济发展到一定高度阶段的产物,对应着消费型社会的新型思维方式。作为一种文化思潮和社会革命,后现代主义与旅游的关系至今尚未获得足够的凝视。《旅游学刊》发起的"后现代主义视角下的旅游消费者行为研究"笔谈主题,无疑具有前瞻性。比如以"后现代+旅游/休闲/游憩/旅行"为检索关键词     

乡村旅游利益之殇与本源回归

正我国正处在现代性向后现代性的转变之中,后现代思潮对旅游思维与行为模式有深刻影响,具体表现为新旅游(new tourism)的兴起及旅游模式由传统观光向深层休闲的渐变。作为新旅游的一种,近些年来乡村旅游在我国的快速发展显然受到了城市居民旅游需求和政府政策的双重推动。在许     

旅游消费者行为:后现代主义下的趋同与分化

正一、旅游消费者行为的后现代主义趋向后现代社会的发展背景下,旅游者的行为特点趋向于两方面:一是以逃避主义为主、厌恶当下的"反现代",带有某些抵触现代或反现代前的情绪;二是以谋求自身和社会多元化发展为主的"积极主义后现代",即吸收现代性的优点并克服它的缺点。总体来看,旅游消费者行为不再囿于特定的基本前提及规范内容,但在自由化环境带来的新观念和主张下,其特征也发生了一定的转变。     

自我民族志在旅游研究中应用评析

在后现代主义思潮的影响下,自我民族志在反思传统民族志中诞生。自我民族志凸显了"自我",是一种对研究者亲身经历的文化体验展开反思性描述的质性研究方法,已经引起了国内外旅游学者关注与应用。但这些研究大都仅采用了自我民族志的方法,未对自我民族志的理论与方法展开深入的探讨。该文以此为契机,首先,在理论层面梳理了自我民族志的起源、内涵,重点阐述了自我民族志与旅游研究的逻辑联系,论述了旅游研究对自我民族志的意义。然后,在此基础上,梳理了2000—2019年71篇应用自我民族志的旅游研究论文,重点阐述旅游领域中自我民族志适用的研究情景,结合文献分析各研究情景中方法论的优势,说明方法论局限以及克服局限的策略。最后,结合已有文献阐述自我民族志如何应用于旅游研究,提炼自我民族志在旅游研究中的理论贡献,并进一步讨论旅游研究应用自我民族志的巨大空间以及对自我民族志范式的贡献。     

旅游凝视:反思与重构

由于研究者对凝视的简单采借,导致旅游凝视经常被直接理解为旅游者的视觉体验或等同于福柯的权力理论.对于一个外来概念或理论,经过学术共同体成员的批判性思考,终将发展成旅游的内生化语言乃是旅游知识毋庸置疑的理论自觉过程,因此反思旅游凝视的重要性就日益凸显且无法回避.在回顾厄里的《旅游凝视》原作以及梳理相关文献的基础上,结合这一概念和理论所受的批评以及研究转向,认为厄里在非寻常架构下阐述的凝视应该还包括注意这一内涵,并强调旅游凝视的价值在于其是“旅游体验”的实现途径而非目的,从而明晰旅游凝视在旅游理论体系中的应有之义.     

本真性理论在旅游研究中的应用

本文回顾了现代旅游中"本真性"概念及从"客观主义--建构主义--后现代主义--存在主义"的发展阶段,分析了"本真性"概念在西方旅游研究中所涉及的"本真性、旅游动机与旅游体验"、"本真性与文化商品化"以及"本真性、怀旧与遗产旅游"等主要问题.文章指出,"本真性"作为20世纪60年代以来西方旅游社会学研究中的核心概念,它是人们对现代旅游"好恶交织"的心理反映,揭示了现代旅游现象中的社会现实及存在的问题.     

旅游何以与文明有关:从鲍曼的旅游者隐喻说开去

齐格蒙特·鲍曼的现代性和后现代性(后称之为“流动的现代性”[1])①,所以能为我们当今喧嚣的文明旅游提供一个元审视的起点,原因有二:其一,在鲍曼眼中,现代性就是文明的同义词.这一点从其后现代三步曲之一的《后现代性及其缺憾》可以印证,不仅书名对仗弗洛伊德的《文明及其缺憾》,并且在该书引言中开明宗义,弗洛伊德所说“文明”或“文化”,实际上述说的就是“现代性”故事,“现代文明”不过是同义反复的冗语[2].     

生活在别处:旅游者二元行为理论

正自启蒙主义开始,理性就被现代哲学尊为至上的权威。在传统的消费者行为研究中,研究者们往往强调行为的理性,而后现代主义把对理性的怀疑态度作为其最重要的标识。到了19世纪末,尼采(Nietzsche)提出非理性主义,对现代理性发动总攻,其后激荡出了以彻底反传统、反理性、反整体性为标志的后现代主义思潮①。     

行动者网络理论(ANT)与旅游研究范式创新

文章首先提出从范式概念对旅游研究进行梳理的必要性,然后对国外有关旅游研究范式的文献进行回顾,以说明实证主义和后实证主义的范式在当前旅游研究中占主导,旅游研究整体上处于社会研究中的前两个阶段,即传统阶段和现代主义阶段.在此基础上,文章对一种新的理论——行动者网络理论加以引介,对其所坚持的本体论、认识论和方法论加以概括,并从行动者网络理论的视角对旅游知识生产及研究对象加以审视,将这一理论在当前旅游研究中的应用情况进行了介绍与评述,并与其他范式的不同之处进行比较.文章指出,行动者网络理论对于研究对象由各种异质性事物组成,旨在发现那些异质性事物之间的联结和过程的研究具有理论优势.这一理论优势与旅游现象快速变化的特点及复杂性等相适应,行动者网络理论对于旅游研究的范式创新具有重要意义.     

学科理论视野下旅游学科建设反思

基于学科理论,文章对旅游学科建设的根本问题——旅游成为学科的可能性以及旅游作为学科的成熟度——进行了讨论,指出旅游研究由于没有独特的研究对象和研究方法不可能发展成为传统学科,但在社会实践需要的推动下完全可以发展成为现代学科；旅游学科的不成熟更多地体现在内在建制而非外在建制,主要影响因素则在于旅游研究对象的分散和研究深度的丧失.文章还结合对现代知识生产方式的分析,提出了旅游学在学科内成长的重要性.     

Households’ participation in and expenditure on recreation and tourism in Pakistan

We employ Heckman selection models and Probit, OLS techniques to estimate the effect of socio-economic factors on household participation in and expenditure on recreation and tourism in Pakistan. Results show that income, education, region and women’s empowerment increase the probability of households in participation in on recreational and tourism while the number of adults and children in the households decreases probability. Similarly, household income and age of the household head positively but the number of adults and children negatively affect households’ expenditure on tourism. Strategies and policies in favor of low income and large families’ participation in tourism are recommended.     

Human resource management practices and organizational commitment in four- and five-star hotels in Egypt

Previous studies have shown that human resource management practices affect hotel performance by influencing employees' commitment to their organization. Organizational commitment, in turn, influences workforce turnover, organizational citizenship behavior, and job performance. This study analyzed the relationship between human resource management practices and organizational commitment in 257 employees in nine four- and five-star hotels in Cairo and Alexandria, using partial least squares structural equation modeling to test models predicting organizational commitment. Hiring, training and development, performance appraisals, remuneration, and communication were all positively and significantly related to affective commitment, but only communication affected continuance commitment.     

Collaboration between practitioners and public agencies in preserving and promoting musical heritage in Macao

This study attempts to explore the nature of collaborative relationship between the local government and performers of Cantonese opera in Macao by using in-depth interviews and field trips. Based on the results, a framework has been developed to demonstrate how the local government and performers joint forces to preserve and promote Cantonese opera through tourism. The framework also suggested an approach to balance the power relationship between key players by revealing how the local government and performers interchanged their roles in different areas of the project. The study empirically confirmed the importance of sharing common goals and having sufficient communication and coordination between key players for effective collaboration.     

Tourism and governance in Turkey

Tourism is speedily changing form, process, and structure. As a result of the globalization of its supply and demand, many countries have felt the need to reconsider related structures and processes, including the specific role of the state. This study indicates that tourism in Turkey developed in stages, constantly interacting with political, social, and economic components of the polity. During most of these stages, the state played a dominant role. But since the 80s, the dynamics of governance has triggered a gradual transformation from a basically state-sponsored and managed development to different forms of public–private partnership; a process curtailed, however, by the political culture.     

Airports and tourism in Mozambique

This paper analyses airport efficiency in Mozambique from 2000 to 2012, estimating a cost function with random and fixed effects stochastic frontier models. A robustness test is undertaken with a Bayesian stochastic frontier model. The airports are ranked according to their technical efficiency (TE). The policy implication is that Mozambique should upgrade its managerial procedures to cope with the frontier of best practices.     

Stories and design in tourism

The aim of this paper is to explore the use of stories as a concept to guide the design of various dimensions of tourism and tourist experience. After reviewing this wider social science literature on the important roles that stories play in human experience, the paper examines the main themes relevant to stories and tourist experience emerging from existing tourism research. An overall conceptual framework for stories and storytelling in tourism is then described. While the main focus of the paper is on the design of tourist experience opportunities and destination promotion, applications related to the use of stories in other aspects of tourism are suggested.