基于点轴模式的闽东森林小镇资源空间结构开发研究

区域经济开发有多种模式，点轴开发模式适用于区域经济不均衡向均衡发展演进阶段。闽东地区森林资源丰富，点轴初具规模，但区域内部处于非均衡发展状态，选择点轴开发模式具有合理性和有效性。采集符合森林小镇建设规范的48个资源点，通过GIS（地理信息系统）核密度分析得出“均匀覆盖，局部集中”的空间结构分布特征，结合区位熵的计算确定两级增长点和三级发展轴，在此基础上构建3大开发模块，形成以点线带面的闽东森林小镇资源空间结构开发模式。     

贵州省红、绿、古色旅游景区空间结构与相关性分析及优化

对贵州省3A级及以上高等级旅游景区为研究对象,按照景区主要属性将其划分为红、绿、古色旅游景区,运用最邻近指数、核密度分析以及空间自相关分析研究其空间分布特征。结果表明：(1)贵州省高等级红色旅游景区空间分布为随机型,绿、古色旅游景区空间分布为集聚型,其中古色旅游景区集聚程度最大;(2)贵州省各类型高等级旅游景区空间分布密度总体呈现“西北多东南少”的分布特征,红色旅游景区呈“一核两点”的分布特征,绿色旅游景区呈“两核多点”的分布特征,古色旅游景区主要围绕具有历史文化底蕴的城市分布;(3)贵州省各类型高等级旅游景区之间均存在较弱的空间自相关,热点区主要位于黔西北地区,黔西南、黔南、黔东南位于冷点区。最后,基于上述研究结果,从红、绿、古色专项旅游发展的角度提出贵州省各类型高等级旅游景区空间分布优化的建议。     

广东省旅游扶贫地的空间格局及影响因素

运用GIS空间分析方法,对广东省旅游扶贫地的空间分布特征及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,广东省旅游扶贫地总体为集聚型分布态势,空间差异明显,呈"分散与聚集"分布特征,集中在粤东、粤西、粤北等经济欠发达但旅游资源丰富地区。其空间分布密度表现出"大分散、小集聚"的分布特征,具有明显的向心性,核心—边缘结构突出。其空间分布具有显著的自相关性,不同县区旅游扶贫地在空间上呈集聚特征,热点区与冷点区呈"团状"分布特征。粤北地区主要为热点区,珠三角地区主要为冷点区;旅游贫困率大体上呈"东西高、中部低"的分布特征,高贫困区主要分布在粤北、粤东地区,低贫困区主要分布在粤中地区。区位条件、地形地貌、相关政策、经济水平和旅游资源等是影响广东省旅游扶贫地的主要因素。     

四川省高等级景区空间分布特征及影响因素

为分析四川省高等级景区的空间格局,以四川省的839处高等级景区(3A、4A和5A级景区)为研究对象,借助Arcgis10.8工具,通过最邻近点指数、核密度分析等方法,从人文和自然两个角度,分析四川省高等级景区的空间结构及影响因素;根据结果,四川省高等级景区存在明显的分布不均,以成都市为核心的东部地区在景区数量和密度上都远超中西部地区,旅游景区分布受交通、水文因素和城市发达程度影响较为明显,整体空间分布呈明显正相关。     

赣州市特色民宿空间分布及发展对策研究

运用地理集中度、最邻近指数（NNI）、核密度、标准差椭圆等定量方法,研究了赣州市特色民宿的均衡程度、空间集聚程度和分布类型。结果表明：①赣州市特色民宿的数量主要集中在章贡、南康、赣县三大区域,其总数为594家,占赣州市特色民宿的52.8%。②地理集中度指数为46.615 5,平均指数为23.570 2,证明赣州市特色民宿的分布很不均衡。③赣州市特色民宿的最邻近指数为0.284 4,其值远小于1,说明空间集聚特征总体很明显;而大余县特色民宿最邻近指数为3.368,呈离散分布。④基于核密度分析,将赣州市特色民宿划分为5类,即核密度最高的较大区域为章贡区,核密度次高的区域为章贡区行政中心向外扩展,核密度较低的大区域为赣县区,核密度较低的小区域为兴国县、宁都县、石城县、于都县、瑞金市、会昌县、南康区、上犹县、大余县、信丰县、全南县和寻乌县,核密度更低的小区域是安远县和龙南市,核密度值最低的是崇义县和定南县。⑤赣州市特色民宿分布与旅游资源分布的主导方向相一致,特色民宿的扩展方向与旅游资源非常吻合。最后根据结论提出相应的发展对策。     

山东省公共文化服务设施的空间分布特征及影响因素研究

运用最邻近指数、核密度估计法和标准差椭圆,对山东省公共文化服务设施的空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,山东省公共文化服务设施数量分布不均衡,整体呈现“中东多,南北少”的空间分布特征,青岛市公共文化服务设施数量最多,东营市公共文化服务设施数量最少;山东省公共文化服务设施分布空间集聚程度较高,呈现“两核-多中心”的空间分布密度特征;山东省公共文化服务设施的空间分布方向呈“西南-东北”走向,与山东省区域分布方向较为一致;山东省公共文化服务设施空间分布受到人口规模、资金投入、经济发展等因素的综合影响。最后,从推进区域均衡发展、加强财政支持、因地制宜进行服务资源建设等方面,提出山东省公共文化服务设施空间优化的对策和建议。     

山东省高级别景区空间分布特征及其影响因素

为了解山东省3A级及以上旅游景区的空间分布，以山东省957家3A级及以上景区为研究对象，利用ArcGIS10.8软件的空间分析功能，采用最邻近指数、核密度分析、空间自相关等方法，从自然和人文两个视角分析山东省高级别景区的空间结构及其影响因素。结果显示：山东省整体空间分布格局具有两端分散、中间集聚的特点；山东省高级别景区的空间密度分布存在不均的情况，总体来看，山东省的东部和中部地区拥有较多的景区，而西部地区相对较少，其中，枣庄、济宁、泰安、济南、淄博、临沂、潍坊和日照等地区密度较高，它们相互连接形成一个“M”形的分布格局，并且向东南沿海地区的青岛市倾斜；山东省高级别景区空间分布存在明显的空间正相关，有着较为明显的“团块状”集聚特征；影响山东省高级别景区空间分布结构的因素主要包括旅游资源、区位交通、旅游业发展水平、客源市场及政府政策。     

基于GIS的盗窃犯罪稳定时空热点和环境要素分析

以长沙市某区为实证研究案例，运用地理信息系统（GIS）空间分析和新兴时空分析法研究盗窃犯罪在空间及时空结合的三维角度下的分异格局和环境特征。采用核密度分析法和Dbscan空间聚类分析法直观识别犯罪热点；构建时空立方体模型分析犯罪热点的时空变化特征，剔除短暂存续的“伪热点”，识别出稳定时空犯罪热点。研究表明：研究区域内盗窃犯罪在空间分布上具有显著空间分异特征及空间转移性，犯罪热点集中分布于北部区域，呈现城市中心距离衰减的特点；在时空分布上具有高度集聚性，研究区内仅2.11%的区块中聚集了62.4%的盗窃犯罪；结合稳定时空热点的空间环境特征，可将热点分为商业聚集型、棚户区型及学校周边型，建议犯罪防控应充分考虑城市建成环境中消极因素对犯罪行为的影响。这些研究可为后续犯罪空间影响因素研究奠定基础，也为犯罪的精准防控提供现实依据。     

粤北山区旅游资源结构及客源市场时空演变特征——以乐昌市为例

本文运用最近邻指数、核密度指数、旅游季节性强度指数和地理集中指数,结合Arc GIS空间分析,对粤北山区乐昌市的旅游资源结构进行分析,并探析了客源市场时空演变特征。结果表明:第一,乐昌市自然和人文旅游资源类别均等,空间特征呈现"一带两核心"格局,呈"弱集中型"分布;第二,乐昌的客源市场时间上有较强的季节性,2-3月季节性强度指数较高,存在明显的淡旺季差异;第三,乐昌的客源市场空间上有较强的集中性,主要来源于乐昌市内、广东省内和临近省区,市场吸引力有限。     

基于POI的乌鲁木齐市公共服务设施布局研究

以乌鲁木齐市为研究区,采用核密度估计法、标准差椭圆与质心分布对其公共服务设施POI数据的空间分布特征进行分析。研究发现：①各类公共服务设施完善程度差距较大,比较而言商业金融设施最为完善,文化体育、社会福利设施严重不足;②设施总体空间布局为“面状+组团”的模式,向心性特征明显,表现出在主城区高度集聚的分布特征;③公共服务设施总体空间分布方向呈“T”字形,最佳服务范围基本一致。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.