跨国公司子公司的主导创新行为研究

一、子公司主导创新行为的涵义 早期的有关跨国公司子公司的相关研究，通常是将子公司作为母公司指令的被动执行者。后来，随着子公司地位与作用的不断提升，越来越多的研究指出子公司应该被母公司赋予更多增加附加价值的角色。但是，这种转变的前提假设仍是母公司决定子公司的角色。近年来，随着子公司日益摆脱了母公司附属的地位，更多的子公司可以通过自发性的创新行动来寻求发展。     

中国股市的“政策主导”逻辑对投资者投资行为的影响

中国股市的“政策市”色彩浓厚,这一点在学界基本达成共识,但这对投资者投资行为会产生何种影响呢?很少学者从这个角度去研究。在阐述“政府主导”逻辑在投资者心中根深蒂固后,本文从行为金融学的角度分析了政策因素对投资者行为产生的影响,从而得出“政策主导”放大了投资者的认知偏差的结论,并对政策的使用提出一些相关的建议。     

跨国公司子公司角色演化机制理论模型——子公司网络资本的分析视角

跨国公司子公司发展学派解释了子公司角色为什么演化的问题,但对子公司角色如何演化缺乏系统的理论分析。本文运用网络理论,在网络组织演化模式分析的基础上,探讨跨国公司网络组织的节点—子公司角色演化的内在机制。通过引入“子公司网络资本”的概念,建立了基于网络资本的子公司角色演化机制的理论模型,分析了子公司角色如何演化,以及如何主导子公司角色演化的问题。     

行为基础观视角的外来者劣势：案例分析

文章依托行为基础观理论,构建了一个外来者劣势影响因素的分析框架,并运用肯德基与麦当劳的案例对该框架进行了初步验证。研究认为:子公司的区位意识越强,在东道国运营时面临的外来者劣势越小;子公司所形成的区位能力越强,在东道国运营时面临的外来者劣势越小;子公司拥有的区位资本越多,在东道国运营时面临的外来者劣势越小。     

子公司债权人的财务控制权配置与利益保护

在现实生活中,经常出现在企业集团内部由于母公司的责任给子公司的债权人造成损害的现象。本文分析了集团母公司损害债权人利益的三种主要表现形式。并在此基础上,分析了当子公司无力对母公司损害公司利益和债权人利益的行为负责时,引发了诸如是否可以让母公司直接对子公司的债务负责任等一系列问题,这些问题使得传统的有限责任在母子公司场合受到了挑战。通过研究国外的做法,并从国外对母子公司债务责任的司法实践的角度进行审视,提出了三种方案。试图对企业集团子公司债权人的财务控制权配置与利益保护研究作一些有益的探索。     

中国跨国并购企业知识转移管控机制——基于海外子公司知识特性的实证分析

以海外子公司向中国跨国并购企业转移知识的过程为研究对象,围绕以下3个问题展开探索：一是中国跨国并购企业母公司所实施的不同类型的知识转移管控机制对其从海外子公司所获取的知识数量及知识价值会产生怎样的影响？二是被并购的海外子公司所扮演的角色是否会影响到中国母公司所采用的管控机制类型？三是母公司该如何根据子公司知识的深度及宽度来实施最合适的知识转移管控机制？以95家成功实现跨国并购的中国企业数据为样本,探析正式管控机制与社会化管控机制对从子公司转移到中国母公司的知识数量及价值产生的影响,并通过实证分析,对与知识转移过程以及知识转移管控机制相关的变量进行描述性统计分析及相关性分析,并在回归分析的基础上深入探讨这些变量之间可能存在的直接效应与调节效应。基于此,得出中国跨国并购企业知识转移管控机制的一般规律,以及海外子公司知识深度及宽度对中国跨国企业母公司实施的知识转移管控机制所产生的影响。     

上市公司审计费用影响因素的实证研究——基于沪、深两市上市公司的经验证据

文章以我国2005、2006年沪、深两市上市公司为研究对象,对影响我国上市公司审计费用的影响因素进行了实证分析,实证研究发现：被审计单位资产规模、子公司个数、事务所的规模与我国证券市场的审计费用显著相关,而存货与应收账款之和与总资产之比、被审计单位在经济区域发达与否、盈余管理行为以及被审计单位被出具的意见类型对审计费用不具有显著影响。     

海外子公司的网络学习方式与学习机制研究

网络学习是网络成员在网络环境下与其他网络成员进行知识的创造、吸收和利用的经济社会过程。为理解跨国公司海外子公司的网络学习行为,提高网络学习效果,在回顾和发展组织学习理论和跨国公司海外子公司理论的基础上,阐明了网络学习的内涵与特征,探讨了海外子公司网络学习的方式及其动态转换,并剖析了海外子公司网络学习的机制。     

发展转型升级的前提是管控的转型升级——集团管控从1．0版探索2．0版、3．0版的艰难历程

集团管控是指母公司通过子公司董事会来影响子公司制度安排,从而对子公司运作产生规则和源头上影响的行为。集团管控是母公司对“子公司管理”的管理。集团管控一直是大型集团企业的管理难题,由于大型企业的层级和规模都比较大,在运行过程中,很容易出现“大企业病”,内部沟通效率和资源利用效率不高,不能突破规模墙的限制,持续获得高速成长,集团总部对子公司又爱又恨,既希望子公司发挥积极能动性,又怕子公司失去控制,于是,不停地在集权与放权中反复,失去机会。     

国际投资保护对我国企业对外直接投资的影响——基于海外子公司视角的实证研究

在逆全球化态势下，以限制外资为动机的国际投资保护在全球范围内蔓延，影响了跨国投资的可持续发展。文章基于海外子公司视角考察国际投资保护对我国企业对外直接投资的影响，通过匹配国泰安《海外直接投资数据库》和OECD《外资限制指数》数据库开展微观层面的实证研究，得出以下结论：①国际投资保护在总体上不仅降低了我国对外直接投资企业海外子公司的经营效益，还降低了母公司对海外子公司的持股比例；②国际投资保护对海外子公司的不利影响具有异质性，发达国家国际投资保护的不利影响大于发展中国家，国有企业海外子公司因国际投资保护遭受的不利影响更大；③国际投资保护会通过削弱海外子公司从东道国技术溢出中获取的收益而产生间接不利影响；④母公司拥有更多海外背景高管和对东道国的文化输出分别是调节国际投资保护对海外子公司负面影响的微观和宏观因素。文章的研究意味着国际投资保护会危害我国对外直接投资企业海外子公司的正常经营，因而应对国际投资保护是实现我国对外直接投资可持续发展的迫切需要。     

Multinationals: Too Many or Too Few?— The Proximity–concentration Trade-off

The paper builds an analytically tractable model that illustrates the “proximity–concentration trade-off” involved in horizontal multinationals. For low trade costs, firms are single-plant firms, for intermediate costs, some are single-plant firms whereas others are multinationals, for large trade costs, firms are multinationals. Because of the modeling strategy, the model is suited for a welfare analysis of multinationals. It shows that too many firms choose to concentrate their production in only one location. Also, for some transport costs, a reduction in transport costs worsens welfare.

Can the HOSS framework help shed light on the simultaneous growth of inequality and informalization in developing countries?

Using simple, modified versions of the factor proportions framework, and focusing on structural features within developing economies, this paper attempts to reconcile puzzling developments observed in many post-reform, post-liberalization countries whereby increasing income inequality has emerged side-by-side with informalization of the economy. Measures undertaken to enhance public sector efficiency and attract investment in an import-intensive export sector may increase rental–wage and skilled–unskilled wage gaps, contra the predictions of the simple Heckscher–Ohlin–Stolper–Samuelson (HOSS) framework regarding skill- and capital-scarce countries. The common thread generating our interesting results is the presence of sectors that are even more labor-intensive than those producing traded goods.

L’incidence de l’information privilégiée et du contrôle continu sur le rôle de la qualité de la comptabilité dans les décisions d’investissement

Les auteurs étudient comment l’information privilégiée et le contrôle continu influent sur le rôle de la qualité de la comptabilité dans la réduction de la sensibilité des investissements aux flux de trésorerie. Selon eux, l’accès à l’information privilégiée et les restrictions directes dont les investissements font l’objet sont susceptibles d’influer sur la mesure dans laquelle la qualité de la comptabilité réduit les contraintes financières. Les résultats de l’étude semblent indiquer que, dans le cas des sociétés soumises à des contraintes financières, l’accès des banques à l’information privilégiée atténue l’importance de la qualité de la comptabilité. Les auteurs constatent en outre que dans les sociétés, qu’elles soient ou non soumises à des contraintes financières, les clauses restrictives qui s’appliquent directement aux dépenses en immobilisations atténuent également l’importance de la qualité de la comptabilité. Les résultats de l’étude donnent à penser que, si les problèmes d’asymétrie de l’information sont susceptibles d’être très importants, la qualité de la comptabilité est elle aussi très importante. Toutefois, l’importance de la qualité de la comptabilité est moindre si les bailleurs de fonds externes ont accès à l’information privilégiée, et elle est nulle si ces bailleurs de fonds imposent à la société des restrictions contractuelles applicables aux investissements. Les auteurs démontrent également que l’accès des banques à l’information privilégiée réduit la sensibilité des liquidités aux flux de trésorerie et atténue l’importance de la qualité de la comptabilité dans la réduction de cette sensibilité. Cette preuve supplémentaire indique, semble‐t‐il, que les résultats obtenus par les auteurs en ce qui a trait à la sensibilité des investissements aux flux de trésorerie ne sont pas le fait d’une erreur de mesure de l’ensemble des occasions d’investissement.     

A generalized multi-country endogenous growth model

The transitional dynamics of open-economy endogenous growth models are largely unexplored. The present paper fills this gap in the literature. By applying the familiar Travis–Dixit–Norman (Dixit and Norman, Theory of International Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1980) approach to a general class of growth models, it provides original results on the transitional dynamics of the multi-country open-economy versions of several prominent special cases, including the models of Romer (J Polit Econ, 94:1002–1037, 1986; J Polit Econ 98:S71–S102, 1990), Lucas (J Monet Econ, 22:3–42, 1988), Grossman and Helpman (Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991a, Chaps. 3 and 4; Rev Econ Stud 58:43–61, 1991b), Jones (J Polit Econ, 103:759–784, 1995a), and Segerstrom (Am Econ Rev, 88:1290–1310, 1998). This approach also shows that, in the class of models considered, the question of whether or not international economic integration accelerates growth in the long run is equivalent to the question of whether or not scale effects prevail.      

Testing the Links between Institutional Integration and Trade Deepening: Clues from Europe

This paper investigates the interaction between institutional integration and trade deepening in the EU over the last 50 years. It uses Granger causality tests, a VECM and variance decompositions to further the understanding of this interaction. The evidence indicates two-way endogeneity. But the link from institution building to trade dominates. Yet, this link has weakened over time, possibly due to globalisation sidestepping institutions. Moreover, the sensitivity of institutional integration to trade deepening has risen, which suggests that economic forces have gained more strength in determining institutional steps.

Funding Status Projections for Southern Public Teaching Pension Plans

The average funding status for eleven southern state pension plans used by teachers as of 2005 is 86%, which translates into over a $40 billion shortfall. Employing Monte Carlo simulation, this study projects the expected future funding status along with confidence intervals for each of these states over the next 10 years. Projections suggest the average underfunding will remain virtually the same based on current state pension contributions and asset allocations. However, if underlying pension asset returns fail to meet expectations due to high funding risk, the average underfunding could fall to 73%, a shortfall of over $150 billion.

Trade Costs,Trade Balances and Current Accounts: An Application of Gravity to Multilateral Trade

In this paper we test the well-known hypothesis of Obstfeld and Rogoff (NBER Macroeconomics Annual 7777:339–390, 2000) that trade costs are the key to explaining the so-called Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. Our approach has a number of novel features. First, we focus on the interrelationship between trade costs, the trade account and the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. Second, we use the gravity model to estimate the effect of trade costs on bilateral trade and, third, we show how bilateral trade can be used to draw inferences about desired trade balances and desired intertemporal trade. Our econometric results provide strong support for the Obstfeld and Rogoff hypothesis and we are also able to reconcile our results with the so-called home bias puzzle.

Changes in industry structure and technological convergence: implications for competition policy and regulation in telecommunications

The two leading US long-distance carriers—AT&T and MCI—have recently been acquired by two of the four major incumbent local exchange carriers—SBC and Verizon—and shortly thereafter, the new AT&T (SBC and the old AT&T) acquired BellSouth. Contemporaneously, alternatives to traditional voice communications provided by cable television and internet- based providers indicate a shifting of competition from a single voice market to the “triple play” of voice, video, and high-speed data. These developments imply a fundamentally different model of competition and industry structure than the one of “dominant firms” supplying essential inputs to new entrants for traditional voice service that was envisioned in the 1996 US Telecommunications Act, as implemented by Federal Communications Commission. In response to these developments, state governments, the FCC, and Canadian authorities have enacted legislative or regulatory changes that limit retail price regulation to services such as the basic residential telephone line. Approaches for assessing market power and other competitive issues that account for the specific characteristics of the emerging (converging) industry are also discussed. The paper concludes by describing the implications of the emerging nature of telecommunications competition for future ex ante and/or ex post regulation, market power assessment, continued regulation, and antitrust analyses.

Credit Access,the Costs of Credit and Credit Market Discrimination

Since the early 1990s, credit expanded relative to income, especially after 2001. It is hypothesized that traditionally uneven credit access and gaps in the costs of credit by demographic characteristics shrank during this period. Relying on data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finance, this study looks at financial constraints, the costs of credit and a number of contributions to the costs of credit, including sources and types of loans. The results indicate that taste-based discrimination and structural discrimination may have persisted and possibly increased over time. Gaps in credit access and costs of credit have widened by race, remained high by income, but shrank by ethnicity. Part of the overall differences in credit access was a varying reliance on professional information when making decisions on debt.

RATES OF RETURN TO EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA: RESULTS FROM THE 2002/2003 HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY DATA SET

Using the most recent Household Income and Expenditure Survey data (2002/2003), this paper presents current rates of return to education for Botswana. The results show that the rates of return have in general declined by one percentage point on average between the periods as shown in Table 2 . If we, however, look at the averages for the different school cycles, the fall in the average rates is quite significant at about six percentage points between the periods. The biggest fall is for secondary education, especially upper secondary education, which fell by 28 percentage points between the periods. The rates of return to tertiary education, however, rose by more than 50 percentage points. Ignoring upper secondary, the pattern of rates of return has remained similar to the results of the study based on the 1993/1994 data. Rates are higher for tertiary education and lower for secondary than for primary education. This results are still consistent with rates of return generally rising with level of education. At policy level, the results continue to support sharing of costs between Government and beneficiaries or their parents especially at tertiary education level. Second, the results indicate the need for the country to continue to vigorously pursue job creation and reorient the education system from emphasis on white collar jobs.

Table 2. Mincerian earnings function: overall Ψ
Dependent variable (ln monthly earnings)