省际间基本公共服务供给均等化绩效评价

顺利推进基本公共服务均等化是我国和谐社会发展面临的一项重要问题.本文在文献回顾的基础上,以基础设施建设、基础教育服务、公共就业服务、公共卫生服务和社会保障服务作为一级指标,配合采用16个二级指标构建了省际间基本公共服务供给均等化绩效评价指标体系,并用泰尔指数对我国2000-2012年各省的基本公共服务供给项目进行系统分析.结果表明:省际间基本公共服务供给非均等化现象严重,而且不同基本公共服务供给的非均等化现状及趋势存在显著差异,省际间经济发展与财政能力的差异以及政府决策者的执政理念与行政作为成为基本公共服务供给非均等化的内在原因.     

云南省县乡政府农村公共服务供给的偏好及完善措施

由于长期以来各级政府间职责划分不清,造成中央与地方政府间事权错位,导致了云南省农村公共服务供给总量不足、结构不合理、效益不高等情况。由于县乡管辖范围就是农村地区发展的基本边界,主要职能是政府保证运转和提供农村公共服务。认为,县级和乡级政府作为农村公共服务的基层政府,在性质上是无差别的,通过选取具有代表性的一个县乡来说明云南省县乡政府对农村公共服务供给的偏好,并针对供给偏好中存在的问题提出了县乡政府农村公共服务供给的完善措施。     

我国基本公共服务供给的现状分析与思考

改革开放以来,伴随着我国经济飞速增长的脚步,我国在基础教育、医疗卫生、社会保障等基本公共服务的财政支出也逐渐增长,同时也带来了一系列的问题。根据1978—2013年历年来我国的财政收支数据比对以及我国基本公共服务供给不同地区间与城乡间的差距,外部比例与内部比例结合剖析我国基本公共服务供给中存在的问题,然后提出相关思考。     

国家审计促进地方公共服务供给的影响机制——基于省级面板空间杜宾模型的实证分析

公共服务供给作为我国经济社会发展和城镇化推进中的一块短板,已成为供给侧结构性改革的重要内容,也是现阶段国家审计的现实目标和首要任务之一。本文利用空间杜宾模型,以我国2002～2014年省级面板数据为样本探讨了国家审计对地方公共服务供给的影响及其空间效应。结果显示,国家审计可以促进公共服务投资、优化公共服务投资布局和提高投资利用率,进而补齐本省与高公共服务供给省份间的公共服务供给缺口,但对周边省份公共服务供给缺口产生了放大效应。进一步的研究发现,国家审计有助于提高本省及周边省份教育类、社会保障类和交通运输类公共服务的供给水平;但对医疗卫生类、环境保护类和能源资源基础设施类公共服务供给的促进作用仅限于本地区,而未对周边省份产生积极的空间外溢效应。研究结果表明,强化国家审计功能、推进跨区域协同审计,是推进公共服务领域供给侧结构性改革的重要路径。     

我国公共服务供给的时空格局及其影响因素

利用熵值法测度了2007—2019年我国城市公共服务供给水平,并借助Dagum基尼系数分解法、动态空间收敛模型和空间杜宾模型探究我国公共服务供给水平的时空分布、收敛特征及其影响因素。研究发现：(1)样本期内,我国城市公共服务供给水平基本呈现逐年增长的趋势,而五大城市群间表现为非均衡特征。(2)从区域差异来看,我国公共服务供给水平存在明显的地区间差距,但城市群内部差异不大。(3)从收敛特征来看,我国城市公共服务供给水平呈现显著的β收敛特征,加入影响因素后,收敛速度增加。(4)政府治理效率、地方政府竞争、数字普惠金融、人口规模和地方财政自给率会不同程度地影响公共服务供给,其中数字普惠金融和人口规模还存在显著的空间溢出效应。     

中国学前教育财政制度重构——从社会福利转向公共服务

学前教育由市场供给存在效率与公平缺失,理应纳入公共服务体系,由政府承担应有的责任。长期以来,我国学前教育一直被视为一种社会福利,政府对其投入十分有限,学前教育供给严重不足。要从根本上解决我国学前教育发展中的诸多问题,确保我国学前教育的健康发展,必须改变作为社会福利的学前教育供给模式,真正将学前教育纳入公共服务体系,构建政府间事权划分清晰、政府与市场以及政府间支出责任界定明确的学前教育财政保障制度。     

地区公共服务增量供给差距的空间演变趋势研究

鉴于当前地区公共服务供给有较大的差距与不平等感受,提高公共服务质量势在必行。研究发现,从均值的历史趋势看,人均公共服务增量供给在逐渐增加;从时间维度看,不平等程度均有下降趋势。针对地区公共服务呈现有差别的联系,文章采用2007—2012年的省级面板数据,围绕地区公共服务增量供给差距,通过公共服务供给的空间分布和空间相关性,揭示当前公共服务供给的空间集聚性与异质性以及经济社会相关性。通过地区公共服务供给空间布局,呈现地区公共服务供给的动态分布规律。     

基本公共服务均化视角下的财政体制优化

基本公共服务均等化已成为完善公共财政体制,推动经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展的重要指导原则与基本导向。为实现基本公共服务均等化,满足社会公众对基本公共服务的需求,需要不断完善公共财政体系,明确中央与各级地方政府在基本公共服务供给中的职责,加大对基本公共服务的财政投入力度,完善政府间转移支付制度及县乡财政管理体制,形成可持续的基本公共服务财政支持机制。     

国外城市公共服务均等化的研究领域及进展

城市公共服务均等化是国外公共服务均等化研究的一个重要领域,其主要内容包括城市公共服务的功能特点与分类、均等化的界定与衡量、公共服务的供给主体与供给模式、城市公共服务的供给是否均等及其原因、城市公共服务的需求以及影响均等化的因素等方面,研究对象集中在城市内不同群体、不同阶层以及不同邻里和社区之间,形成了"城市公共服务的功能与均等化"、"城市公共服务的供给与均等化"、"城市公共服务的需求与均等化"三位一体的研究体系与研究框架。在当前我国城市社会空间分异格局日益显著的背景下,我们应重视和加强对城市公共服务均等化的研究。     

我国公共服务供给能力短缺问题分析

地方政府公共服务供给能力就是指在地方政府从事公共服务项目的筹资、项目生产、管理与维护能力之和,各地公共服务不均等实际上就是指各地区公共服务供绐能力不均等。当前我国公共服务供给能力存在的问题是：地区差距非常大,有些地区的公共服务提供严重不足;各地区的公共服务能力差异巨大;偏重干经济性公共服务供给能力;城乡之间存在巨大的公共服务供给能力差距。为弥补公共服务供给能力短缺,需要从存量和增量上予以解决,存量上盘活政府资产,赋予地方政府更多的自主权;增量上进行举债和吸引民间资本参与公共服务建设,整体提高公共服务能力。     

提高城市公共品供给效率的研究与探讨

随着时代的进步,城市公共品的供给已经成为衡量一个城市甚至是一个国家文明及进步程度的关键因素.本文首先对城市公共品进行了界定,分析了现有城市公共品的主要供给模式.然后针对当前我国城市公共品供给存在的主要问题:政府和公共部门的过度干预控制,而私人部门或是第三部门在城市公共品的供给过程中参与程度却比较低,整体供给效率不高等,进一步剖析其原因.最后指出为了提高我国城市公共品的供给效率,应继续推进并不断地深化城市公共品的供给市场化改革思路,进行配套地改革,建立起多样化的投融资模式;进一步探求多样化的公共品供给模式,以地方政府和民间资本为城市公共品的有效供给者;建立和规范规制机构,建立健全补偿机制和供给机制;转变政府的职能角色,由“划桨”向“掌舵”进行转变,树立起服务理念;同时还要提高市民享有城市公共品的权利意识.     

论公共产品的市场提供

一般而言，满足消费者需求的消费品划分为两类，一类是用货币收入等价交换的消费品，即私人产品；一类是不以货币交换的消费品，即公共产品。私人产品只能由私人提供，公共产品只能由政府提供，这一分析结论所包含的政策含义往往导致公共产品供给决策绝对化和“一刀切”的倾向，把许多行业和商品纳入公共产品范畴由政府垄断性供给，由此导致资源配置效率和使用效率较低，因此。中国应加大公共产品提供的市场化改革步伐。     

The Social Economy Sector in Japan

The Social Economy Sector is a new comer in Japanese society. Based on two experiments and theories derived from the European concept of social economy and the American concept of the non profit organization, the Japanese way of integration of a social economy sector is developing under the name of the Non Profit and Co-operative Sector. The change of social policy and public policy under the influence of the new liberalism has urged a change in traditional relations between public sector and private sectors and created the new role of a social economy sector. Even though there is no clear image of the sector, both the financial need of public authorities and the social needs of citizen users especially in social security and medical care has made the social economy sector an alternative for realizing better service supply.     

Regulating Providers' Reimbursement in a Mixed Market for Health Care

Hospitals can be reimbursed for their costs in many ways. Several authors have investigated the effects of these reimbursement rules on physician incentives and, therefore, on the quantity of services provided to patients. A form of (linear) cost-sharing tends to emerge as the socially efficient reimbursement policy. We present a model of hospital reimbursement, based on Ellis and McGuire (1986). The new feature is that physicians can supply private health care services to a patient, as well as public sector ones; a common institutional arrangement in many health care systems. We investigate the optimal public sector reimbursement rule given that private market incentives must now be taken into account. Public sector cost-sharing remains socially efficient, but it is generally non-linear: the precise details depend on whether public and private services are substitutes or complements and on the degree of social efficiency achieved in the private sector. Other reimbursement schemes exhibit optimality properties not present in Ellis and McGuire's work.     

Managerial talent,motivation, and self-selection into public management

The quality of public management is a recurrent concern in many countries. Calls to attract the economy's best and brightest managers to the public sector abound. This paper studies self-selection into managerial positions in the public and private sector, using a model of a perfectly competitive economy where people differ in managerial ability and in public service motivation. We find that, if demand for public sector output is not too high, the equilibrium return to managerial ability is always higher in the private sector. As a result, relatively many of the more able managers self-select into the private sector. Since this outcome is efficient, our analysis implies that attracting a more able managerial workforce to the public sector by increasing remuneration to private-sector levels is not cost-efficient.     

A microeconomic analysis of wage determination in the Canadian public sector

Using cross-section, micro wage rate data for the period 1967–1975, this paper analyses the extent to which price expectations, price ‘catch-up’, and labour market conditions affect the rate of change of base wage rates in the Canadian public sector. The results indicate that both price movements and labour market conditions do influence base wage rates in a manner that is not radically different from that in the private sector. The paper also explores the importance and significance of these factors when the data are disaggregated according to jurisdiction and method of contract settlement. The final section of the paper is devoted to an exploration of wage spillovers within the public sector and between the public and private sectors.     

小议政府在私立学校发展中的作用

教育是一种准公共品,可以由私人提供。私立学校是对公立学校的有益补充,有其存在的可行性和必要性。目前我国的私立学校正在蓬勃发展。政府应鼓励、支持私立学校的发展,既支持非营利性私立学校,也支持营利性私立学校。私立学校的学费虽高,但市场的供求关系会对其加以调节,无须政府过多干涉。政府应以各种方式鼓励有识之士和广大群众投资教育,并对私立学校提供优惠政策,促进其发展壮大。     

Informality,public employment and employment protection in developing countries

This paper proposes an equilibrium matching model for developing countries’ labor markets where the interaction between public, formal private and informal private sectors are taken into account. Theoretical analysis shows that gains from reforms aiming at liberalizing formal labor markets can be annulled by shifts in the public sector employment and wage policies. Since the public sector accounts for a substantial share of employment in developing countries, this approach is crucial to understand the main labor market outcomes of such economies. Wages offered by the public sector increase the outside option value of the workers during the bargaining processes in the formal and informal sectors. It becomes more profitable for workers to search on-the-job, in order to move to these more attractive and more stable types of jobs. The public sector therefore acts as an additional tax for the formal private firms. Using data on workers’ flows from Egypt, we show empirically and theoretically that the liberalization of labor markets plays against informal employment by increasing the profitability, and hence job creations, of formal jobs. The latter effect is however dampened or even sometimes nullified by the increase of the offered wages in the public sector observed at the same time.     

Post-Lange Market Socialism: An Evaluation of Profit-Oriented Proposals

In recent years we have observed significant growth in the private sector in many higher education systems around the globe. This growth of private higher education is associated with high political expectations, notably concerning greater choice of programs and greater responsiveness of institutions to students' and labor markets' demands. Looking at the experience of several European and Latin American countries, this study analyzes the patterns of program diversification of public and private higher education and discusses the impact of the private sector for the diversification of higher education's supply. The results show a contrasting picture between political beliefs about privatization in higher education and its actual results, suggesting that private institutions tend to be far more specialized than their public counterparts.     

Is there a Laffer curve between aggregate output and public sector employment?

This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis between public employment and private sector output. First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000