我国成品油行业反行政垄断与促进竞争问题研究

目前,我国石油工业改革的重大问题是垄断与反垄断,要打破成品油行业行政垄断格局不仅需要实现政企分开,引入多种市场主体开展竞争,还需要正确区分石油行业的垄断性业务和竞争性业务,出台有效的专门法规以遏制垄断势力的进一步扩张,进而根本解决我国成品油行业现存的行政垄断问题.     

新时期深化铁路体制改革思路研究

我国铁路已初步实现政企分开,铁路改革取得阶段性进展,但改革任务并未完成,一些长期存在的深层次问题没有得到根本解决.铁路企业尚未成为真正市场主体,铁路运输市场垄断行为严重,铁路运价机制尚未真正市场化,铁路债务引发的金融风险加大,行业管理、监管体制以及法律法规有待完善.这些问题必须在新时期通过深化改革来着力加以破解.未来改革可考虑“客货分开”“竞争性业务和非竞争性业务分开”“网运分开”,全面引入竞争,推进行业重组,形成统一开放、竞争有序的铁路运输市场,以及“权责一致、分工合理、决策科学、执行顺畅、监督有力”的铁路行业管理和监管体制.深化铁路体制改革,需要加强组织、法律、技术、理论和舆论宣传等保障.     

电信行业的垄断与竞争问题研究

本文通过明确电信垄断与竞争的分析视角 ,解读电信行业垄断与竞争的利弊 ,说明电信行业是竞争性垄断行业。竞争性垄断是在一种竞争的市场环境里形成并通过市场竞争电信行业维持下去的垄断。在竞争性垄断市场格局下 ,电信行业的竞争是有效率竞争     

改革开放以来我国行业工资差距及其决定因素实证研究——兼论对企业技术创新的影响

本文通过对1978～2007年我国行业工资差距的实证考察以及行业工资差距决定因素的计量分析,研究发现,不论是从绝对程度还是相对程度看,我国的行业工资差距总体上都呈现出不断扩大的趋势.在决定行业工资差距的因素中,除了竞争性的人力资本因素之外,最突出、最重要的因素是行业垄断程度,尤其是行业的行政性垄断.行业垄断不仅限制了竞争,而且扭曲了工资决定机制和企业的行为,进而对企业技术创新产生了重要影响.     

2004国内十大暴利行业：医疗行业黄金有价药无价

让老百姓看得起病，关键是要铲除医疗暴利这颗“毒瘤”。追根问底医疗暴利的根源是医疗行业的垄断体制。只有打破医疗垄断，加快医疗机构产权改革步伐，实行医药分开核算、分开管理，彻底改变以药养医的机制缺陷，才能彻底铲除这颗“毒瘤”。     

中国垄断行业收入分配效应的实证研究

近年来,中国垄断性行业的高收入问题受到广泛关注,即使同为工业企业,同"工"不同酬的现象也普遍存在,为研究行业垄断对居民收入的分配效应,本文采用因子分析法对影响职工平均工资的各种因素进行估计,从而得出行政垄断对职工平均工资差距的相对贡献度;为研究行政垄断对居民收入分配的合理性,又采用Oaxaca-Blinder分解法对考虑职工受教育程度和不考虑职工受教育程度两种情况进行了相关分析。研究结果表明:在影响平均工资的众多因素中,行政垄断程度对平均工资的影响程度最大,而受教育程度对垄断性行业与竞争性行业间的收入差距并没有太大的解释力,垄断性行业与竞争性行业间的收入差距是不合理的。     

控制煤炭总量实现供求平衡

一、控制煤炭总量 ,实现供需平衡的基本思路1.煤炭工业管理体制的改革 :由于计划经济体制的冲力影响 ,现阶段虽然国有煤炭企业下放到各省 ,但是政企并未分开 ,一些管理职能仍由政府中的行业管理部门和一些地方政府承担。他们不是市场中的经营主体 ,却经常参与一些重要的微观经济活动。直到今天 ,为了扭转部分大中型企业的亏损局面 ,政府中一些专业管理部门还在组织或从事诸如“限产提价”“干预市场划分”“照顾亏损企业”等一类活动 ,结果是优不能胜 ,劣不能汰。经过几年市场经济的运行 ,企业已经具备市场经营主体的能力 ,完全可以实行“政…     

转型时期中国垄断性行业的基本特征

1.以行致性垄断为主。转型时期,中国垄断性行业具有区别于一般市场经济国家的特殊性和复杂性,那就是中国垄断性行业是由行政力量和资本力量相互作用而形成的一种双重垄断。中国行政性垄断的形成是政治、经济和社会因素共同作用的结果。计划经济时代,经济体制属于排斥市场机制、高度集中的计划经济体制,经济运行和资源配置高度依赖政府机构的行政力量,政府几乎垄断一切经济活动,即使在一些竞争性行业也广泛存在国家垄断。国有企业在某种程度上成为行政部门的延伸,受各级政府官员的直接控制,所有权和经营权高度集中。自然垄断产业也带有强烈的…     

降低电网企业垄断程度的改革策略分析

电网一般认为是自然垄断经营的.降低电网垄断经营的主要手段之一是输配分开.输配分开是我国电力体制改革存在争议的热点问题,具有较高的改革成本和风险.分析了自然垄断行业的模拟竞争,提出模拟竞争是在自然垄断行业引入竞争的主要方式;通过总结分析国外改革情况,提出输配分开并不是电力改革的必然选择;全面分析了输配分开的改革成本和改革风险,如输配电界限的动态变化、降低电网经营的规模效益等,指出了输配分开的改革成本和改革风险;最后分析了输配分开的期望效益.     

提升实验室监管公信力立法规范或迫在眉睫——访全国人大代表、安徽省质量技术监督局总工程师程静

在经济性公共服务监管全面推行改革的当下,社会性公共服务领域监管改革启动相对滞后.其中,实验室检验检测这一公共服务领域部门垄断供给并未打破,以致引发某些行业的产品质量与安全难以得到根本性的保障. 2012年两会期间,全国人大代表、安徽省质量技术监督局总工程师程静再次呼吁,设立相关法律规范实验室管理,制定一部统一管理、具有较高法律效力的法规规范实验室行为,以保证检验结果的准确,提升实验室检验证明的公信力,推进公共服务主体多元化进程.     

Quantitative Trade Restrictions in Unionized Economies

This paper models the interactions of a labor union and a monopoly firm under an import quota in a small open economy. The distorted equilibrium is depicted in a diagram, in which wages and employment in both sectors, and the monopoly rent, can be identified. The imposition of an import quota in the unionized sector reduces monopoly rent, union employment, and wages in both sectors, compared with the case of autarky. In addition, the paper presents several surprising comparative statics results. For instance, an increase in the world price causes the protected (i.e., "wrong") sector to shrink, wages to decrease, and national income to rise if the initial world price is low.     

Environmental Regulations and Plant Exit

A qualitative response model is applied to study the relationship between environmental regulations and plant exit. The data set is Norwegian panel data for establishments in three manufacturing sectors that have high shares of units which have been under strict environmental regulations. In two of the sectors, the estimated exit probability of regulated establishments is, ceteris paribus, only one third of the exit probability of non-regulated establishments. We also find that the probability to change regulation status from being non-regulated to become regulated depends significantly on economic factors. In particular, establishments with weak profitability had the highest probability to come under environmental regulation.     

Technological Progress and Sectoral Shares

This paper studies the effect of differences in the rate of technological progress between sectors on their relative sizes. There are two sectors: a stagnant sector, where productivity does not change over time, and a progressive sector, where costs decrease over time. We consider a conjectural variation approach which encompasses perfect competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The evolution of the relative shares of the stagnant and progressive sectors over time depends on the type of competition, cost levels and the price elasticity of demand. The relationship with the cost disease literature is discussed.     

Sectoral patterns of firm exit in Italian provinces

There is considerable variation in the firm exit rate across the 103 provinces in Italy. This paper investigates a range of determinants of the exit rate for twelve different sectors in the Italian provinces for a period of eleven years. The analysis shows that the exit rate is positively affected by entry in the previous year (displacement) in the same sector. Previous exit has a different effect for the manufacturing industry as compared to the business services. More specifically, exit persists in manufacturing while in the business services it is rather exit in related sectors in the same province that leads to increased exit, probably due to the loss of clients or suppliers. The presence of industrial districts diminishes exit, especially in two manufacturing sectors (Food and Clothing), Commerce and Transport. Provinces with strong trademark activity appear to have lower exit rates.     

Do Environmental Standards Harm Manufacturing Employment?

A major issue in the debate about imposing environmental standards on polluting firms is the possibility of negative effects on employment. We examine the impact of environmental regulations on employment in an empirical analysis. Norwegian data are used to study three manufacturing sectors with high shares of units under strict environmental regulations. We find that for two of these sectors, firms under strict environmental regulations had a higher tendency to increase employment and a lower tendency to exit than firms under weak or no environmental regulation. For the third sector, environmental regulations had no significant impact on employment.     

我国自然垄断行业的价格研究

自然垄断行业是一个特殊的行业,我国自然垄断行业的产品和服务价格明显偏高,效率低下,政府必须对其价格进行规制。然而,常用的价格规制方法也有一定的局限性。自然垄断行业的价格管理改革,需要通过市场机制、竞争机制以及政府有效的规制共同对其价格发挥作用。     

产业政策视角下的国有企业分类改革与政策调整*

本文从产业发展政策和自然垄断领域的规制政策两个角度,分析了国有企业在产业政策实施中的积极意义,探讨了目前产业政策所存在的问题,并提出了相应的政策建议。研究表明,国有企业在保证产业发展战略的实现和对自然垄断产业的规制中具有积极作用;在产业发展战略的实施中,应慎重把握行政性干预和市场机制之间的平衡,实现政企分开,侧重于创造鼓励创新的制度环境;在自然垄断行业中,应区分竞争性环节和自然垄断环节,并侧重于通过机制设计和价格管制限制自然垄断环节的市场势力。     

我国垄断行业收入与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于面板协整理论

基于1990—2008年我国垄断行业收入的面板数据,通过面板协整、Engle-Granger检验以及运用误差修正模型对我国垄断行业的收入水平与经济增长的长期关系进行分析。研究结果显示:与能源、交通相关的垄断行业的收入与经济增长之间存在长期稳定的协整关系;与能源相关的垄断行业的收入对经济增长具有正向影响,而与交通相关的垄断行业的收入对经济增长的影响不太显著;金融保险业和房地产业的收入与经济增长之间并不存在长期稳定的面板协整关系。     

Dynamics of CDS spread indexes of US financial sectors

This article examines the Credit Default Swap (CDS) spread index for three sectors, banking, financial services and insurance, in the short and long run. In the long run, the results show that the index of the insurance sector which sells the long term CDS contracts has the highest adjustment, while the banking sector is not error correcting. In the short run, although the insurance sector CDS spread index has general predictive power of all sector CDS spreads, the evidence suggests that the banking sector particularly leads the financial services and this in turn leads the insurance sector, implying a leading sector CDS pricing role for the banking spreads in the short run. The short run sensitivity Generalized Impulse Response Function (GIRF) and Generalized Variance Decomposition (GVDC) analyses also demonstrate that the sectors’ credit risk responds more to credit events in the banking sector than in the other two sectors other than their own over a 50 day horizon. However, the lowest cross sector CDS shock impacts in the short run come from the insurance sector. These results are useful for regulators wishing to embark on new regulations of these financial institutions such as Basel III.     

The Sri Lankan Unemployment Problem Revisited

High unemployment in Sri Lanka has been attributed to unrealistic expectations, to queuing for public sector jobs, and to stringent job security regulations. However, the empirical evidence supporting these explanations is weak. This paper analyzes individual records from the 1995 Labor Force Survey, and time series for wages in the formal and informal sectors of the economy. The paper rejects the unrealistic‐expectations hypothesis by comparing the impact of education on the actual wages of those who have a job and on the lowest acceptable wages of the unemployed. But it finds substantial rents associated with jobs in the public sector, and in activities protected by high tariffs or covered by job security regulations. A time‐series analysis of the impact of unemployment on wage increases across sectors suggests that many among the unemployed are waiting for “good” job openings, but are not interested in readily available “bad” jobs.