New capital estimates for China

Data on physical capital are an indispensable part of economic growth and efficiency studies. In the case of China, economy-wide fixed asset series are usually derived by aggregating gross fixed capital formation (net of depreciation) over time, and sectoral/ownership-specific series by correcting the limited official fixed asset data available. These procedures, to varying degrees, ignore that (i) gross fixed capital formation does not equal investment, (ii) investment does not equal the value of fixed assets newly created through investment, (iii) depreciation is an accounting measure that bears no necessary relation to changes in the production capacity of fixed assets, (iv) official fixed asset data, where available, incorporate significant revaluations in the 1990s, and (v) “net fixed assets” do not measure the contribution of fixed assets to production.This paper derives economy-wide fixed asset values for 1953–2003, correcting for these shortcomings. It uses both the traditional, cumulative approach and a new, so far unexplored method of combining economy-wide depreciation values and an economy-wide depreciation rate to directly yield economy-wide fixed assets. The derived fixed asset time series are evaluated in a comparison with each other as well as with series in the literature, leading to the recommendation of a specific choice of fixed asset time series.     

上海市物质资本存量估算:1978～2007

本文考察了当前较多采用的几种代表性的物质资本存量估算方法,讨论了基年资本存量、固定资产投资价格指数、当年投资以及折旧等物质资本存量估算四个基本变量的指标选取和计算.根据目前国内已有统计数据,采用不同方法具体估算和比较了上海改革开放开放30年间的总体物质资本存量及分三大产业的资本存量,发现上海总体资本存量、三大产业资本积累及资本-产出比的变动趋势,说明上海经济增长方式和产业结构的调整符合经济发展的一般规律.     

Exchange Rate Regime,Financial Market Bubbles and Long‐term Growth in China: Lessons from Japan

Since 2014, capital inflows into China have turned into capital outflows, reversing the gradual appreciation path of the renminbi against the US dollar into an erratic depreciation path. The paper explains the current capital outflows by comparing China and Japan with respect to the impact of exchange rate expectations on speculative capital flows. It is argued that both in China and Japan, given benign liquidity conditions in the USA, policy‐induced appreciation expectations have generated capital inflows that have contributed to overinvestment and financial market bubbles. The current reversal of capital flows is seen as a signal that the bubble in China has burst. To stabilize growth in China and to discourage speculative capital outflows a fixed exchange rate to the dollar is recommended. Given Japan's experience and given that China's foreign assets remain high, the depreciation pressure on the Chinese renminbi can be expected to abate.     

Depreciation,inflation and capital replacement*

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of depreciation, taxes and inflation on the optimal timing of asset replacement in accordance with the Canadian tax laws. The main findings are that an increase in the capital cost allowance rate will delay (accelerate) replacement of fixed assets at low (high) levels of capital cost allowance rates, and that an increase in the annual inflation rate will delay (accelerate) replacement of fixed assets at low (high) levels of inflation. The applications of the replacement model are illustrated with numerical examples.     

When should firms invest in old capital?

The present paper analyzes optimal investment policies when the production function depends on capital of various vintages. In such an environment it is natural to ask whether the firm will invest in old-vintage capital at all. Other studies do not tell us when investment in old capital will take place. In the present paper I derive such a condition. Predictably, investment in old capital takes place if the elasticity of substitution between old and new capital is low, and when the depreciation of capital is high. However, other parameters such as the rates of technological progress and depreciation matter as well.     

Role of Endogenous Vintage Specific Depreciation in the Optimal Behavior of Firms

This paper studies the firms' capital accumulation process in a vintage capital model with embodied technological change. We take into account that depreciation is endogenous and in particular associated with vintage specific maintenance expenditure. We prove that maintenance is a local substitute for investment as soon as the marginal cost of maintenance is strictly increasing. We show that maintenance and investment in new capital goods appear as complements with respect to the changes in productivity, cost of maintenance, fixed cost of operation, efficiency of maintenance services and appear as substitutes with respect to the price of new machines. Allowing for investment in old vintages, we determine that investment in old machines appears as a substitute of both investments in new machines and maintenance services. We end up by analyzing the effects of technological progress on optimal plans and prove that a negative anticipation effect can occur even without any market imperfections.     

The Effect of the Exchange Rates on Investment in Mexican Manufacturing Industry

This paper, considering revenue and cost exposure channels, investigates the effects of exchange rate on fixed capital investment in Mexican manufacturing sector over 1994–2003. We find that i) currency depreciation has a positive (negative) effect on fixed investment through the export (import) channel; ii) exchange rate volatility impacts mostly export oriented sectors; iii) the sensitivity of investment to exchange rate movements is stronger in non-durable goods sectors and industries with low mark-up ratios.     

比较优势、贸易结构与资本积累：对Mazumdar假说适用性的检验及其扩展

Mazumdar（1996）的研究认为：当一国为资本品净进口国和消费品净出口国时,资本品的进口将导致资本品价格的下降进而引致折旧率的下降,结合Solow增长模型,折旧率的下降将促使一国投资率的上升并引致资本积累。本文运用中国数据对这一假说检验后认为：该理论只适用于小国贸易模式,对于诸如中国这样的贸易大国,比较优势决定下的贸易结构完全符合Mazumdar条件,但资本品进口和消费品出口并没有对中国资本积累起到促进作用,根本原因在于这样的贸易结构往往提高了资本品一消费品的相对甚至绝对价格,并最终恶化了中国的贸易条件,使得贸易收益并不明显。本文围绕这些这些问题进行了一定层次的论证。     

人力资本存量贬损研究

长期以来人们热衷于研究人力资本增值在经济增长中的作用,却忽略了人力资本存量贬损。人力资本存量贬损是人力资本的逆态增值或负增值,和人力资本增值一样,也是市场的常态现象。中国经济快速发展、产业结构不断调整催生出的技术性失业和结构性失业,发出了人力资本存量贬损的信号。本文界定人力资本存量贬损的概念,分析其特点,剖析发生贬损的原因,旨在推动个人、企业和政府,及时有效地将社会资源配置到产业结构升级、经济结构转变、技术进步需要的人力资本上。     

沉淀成本对人力资本投资的影响及对策分析

知识更新换代速度加快和产业结构分工细化导致人力资本折旧率上升,由此引起的人力资本投资沉淀成本的影响愈加明显。文章建立了包含沉淀成本的人力资本投资模型,考察了教育和干中学两种情况下沉淀成本对人力资本投资的影响。结果表明,沉淀成本对人力资本投资选择存在较大影响,而干中学则可以有效地减轻沉淀成本对人力资本投资的影响。最后探讨了减轻沉淀成本影响,促进人力资本积累的建议。     

Policy Choices and Resilience to International Monetary Shocks

Abstract

The well-known trilemma theory states that the nominal exchange rate regime plays a crucial role in a country's ability to pursue monetary policy that is for its domestic objectives independent from other countries' influences. In particular, a flexible exchange rate is required for an independent monetary policy. Capital controls may help a country with a fixed exchange rate to gain some policy space but the effect of capital controls is leaky and often short-lived. We revisit these conventional wisdoms and find no strong evidence supporting them in practice. In particular, a flexible exchange rate does not reliably deliver monetary policy independence, but capital controls do. This is consistent with the view that most (developing) countries dislike either depreciation or appreciation of their currencies, and therefore would choose to follow US monetary policy moves even if they are on a flexible exchange rate regime. In other words, to build resilience to international monetary policy shocks, capital controls are a necessarily component.     

广西农村劳动力就地转移研究

少数民族繁荣进步是以本民族聚居区域的繁荣进步为载体。跨省(区)异地转移和就地转移对解决广西农村剩余劳动力的空间配置都有积极作用,但广西农村劳动力能否就地向现代农业、工业和城镇转移决定着其民族聚居区域能否实现现代化。     

人力资本投资对农业经济发展的贡献研究

发展经济学原理指出,农业是关系到国计民生的重要产业,其发展与人力资本投资密切相关。近年来,我国政府对农村地区进行了大力的扶持,尤其是对农村人力资本进行了投资。为了解析这些投资的实际效果,本文对1981～2002年国家在教育方面的投资与农业产出效益之间关系进行了实证分析,结果发现,人力资本投资中的教育投资对农业经济发展具有一定的拉动作用。据此进一步指出国家解决"三农"问题的关键之一是要加大对教育的投资,并且要持续不断。     

Estimating the Euler Equation for Aggregate Investment with Endogenous Capital Depreciation

This article looks at the empirical consequences of introducing endogenous capital depreciation in the standard neoclassical model with quadratic adjustment costs. To this end, we formulate an empirical specification that accommodates capital maintenance and utilization in the Euler equations for aggregate investment. The empirical estimates with data from the Canadian Survey on Capital and Repair Expenditures show that, in contrast to the existing literature, the performance of the Euler equations is improved when we account for the impact of variable capital depreciation.     

论企业固定资产的折旧方法

固定资产折旧就是企业采用合理的折旧方法,把固定资产取得时的成本在固定资产的使用年限内进行合理分配,使这些成本费用与每个会计期间的收入相配比。采取不同的固定资产折旧方法,各期提取的折旧额是不同的,在一定程度上影响着企业的利润,可以反映企业的经济发展水平。     

An index of growth due to depreciation*

Abstract. While factors such as inflation, technological change and growth often have been discussed in connection with the adequacy of provisions for depreciation under a historical cost model, there is another dimension to the capital maintenance problem and it concerns the multiplier effect of depreciation. When an amount equal to depreciation is reinvested, a firm's productive capacity tends to increase. Reinvestment of depreciation also increases a firm's financial capital if book depreciation is more accelerated than economic depreciation. Based on a model developed by Ijiri (1967), this paper derives an index of this growth due to depreciation. The index estimates a bias in conventional depreciation methods that has been overlooked in the literature on the subject. This bias has implications for inflation accounting because if conventional depreciation methods have a built-in growth bias, adjustments for inflation may be a type of double counting. A second implication mentioned concerns the bias in accounting rates of return. Résumé. Bien que des facteurs tels l'inflation, les changements technologiques et la croissance ont souvent été examinés à propos de la pertinence des provisions pour dépréciation dans le cadre du modèle au coût historique, un autre aspect du problème de préservation du capital subsiste et il concerne l'effet multiplicateur de l'amortissement. Lorsqu'un montant égal à l'amortissement est réinvesti, la capacité d'exploitation de la firme a tendance à s'accroître. Le réinvestissement de l'amortissement fait aussi augmenter le capital de la firme si l'amortissement comptable est plus accéléré que la dépréciation économique. En se basant sur un modèle élaboré par Ijiri (1967), cet article dérive un indice de cette croissance attribuable à l'amortissement. L'indice estime un biais des méthodes traditionnelles, qui a été négligé dans les recherches consacrées au sujet. Ce biais a des implications en comptabilité des effets de l'inflation, car si les méthodes d'amortissement traditionnelles comportent implicitement ce biais de croissance, les redressements relatifs à l'inflation peuvent être assimilés à un double comptage. Une deuxième conséquence est signalée, soit le biais relatif aux taux de rendement comptable.     

知识资本对农业上市公司绩效影响的实证研究

农业上市公司是推动乡村振兴的重要参与者,其中,知识资本是农业上市公司提升绩效的重要手段。通过选取2016—2019年56家农业上证A股上市公司为研究样本进行回归,分析农业上市公司中知识资本对绩效的影响关系。研究结果支持了员工的本科率指标与农业上市公司绩效正相关的假设,认为员工的学历在一定程度上对农业上市企业有益处;同时,农业上市公司前一年的研发投入能为下一年公司带来经济效益,提升企业的绩效,但研发费用占比过高会负向影响农业上市公司的绩效水平;而员工培训费用的增加则会积极促进公司绩效的提高。因此,农业公司应重视知识资本的作用,在管理方面合理引入知识资本提升公司绩效。     

辽宁省固定资产投资效率分析

利用2001-2013年辽宁省及全国固定资产投资额与生产总值的统计数据,结合边际资本产出比率及数据包络法（DEA）的BCC模型,分别对辽宁省历年固定资产投资效率变化趋势和辽宁省14地市的固定资产投资效率进行了分析。结果表明辽宁省固定资产投资效率变化趋势与全国一致,并表现出下降-上升-下降的波动特点。辽宁省14地市中除了辽阳处于DEA有效外,其他城市都处于无效。根据分析结果,探寻了差异原因并提出针对性建议和改进目标。     

The determinants of foreign direct investment in transforming economies: Empirical evidence from Hungary and China

The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Transforming Economies: Empirical Evidence from Hungary and China. — This paper analyzes what factors best explain foreign capital inflows into Hungary and China during the period 1978–92. The size of the host-country markets is found to play a positive role, while the cost-of-capital variables and political instability are negatively correlated with investment inflows. It supports the hypothesis that low-cost labour and currency depreciation is an important factor in explaining how much foreign capital flows into a particular country. There is little evidence to support classical hypotheses concerning tariff barriers and import variables. The OECD growth rates show significant positive correlation with FDI in Hungary.     

The effect of interruptions and part-time work on women's wage rate: A test of the variable-intensity model

Summary In this article we investigated the effects of interruptions of labour market participation and part-time work on women's gross wage rates, using the variable-intensity model. Women who interrupt their labour market careers suffer not only from depreciation, which effects all workers. Every year they do not participate they also miss experience. Part-time work mitigates the depreciation of human capital compared to a situation of non-participation. The expectation that part-time work — as opposed to full-time work — leads in the long run to a lower wage rate is confirmed.