共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Bruce L. Benson 《Constitutional Political Economy》1992,3(1):1-27
Merchants broke the bonds of localized political constraints during the tenth and eleventh centuries to establish the constitutional
foundations of international commercial law as we see it today. The medieval “Law Merchant” was an international legal system
that governed without the centralized coercive power of the state. In order to see how this was possible, the incentives which
led to the merchants community's social contract, as well as the rules and institutional arrangements that the resulting contract
produced are examined and explained. A process of legal change evolved, participatory institutions were established to adjudicate
disputes and effective incentives were implemented to induce compliance with the resulting judgements. The unwritten social
contract established by the medieval business community remains in force to this day. International commercial law is still
largely independent of nationalized legal systems, retaining many of the basic (though) modernized institutional characteristics
of the medieval Law Merchant. James Buchanan suggested that “Free relations among free men—this precept of ordered anarchy
can emerge as principle,” under an appropriately structured social contract. The international Law Merchant provides a historical
and modern demonstration that Buchanan is indeed correct.
This paper was originally prepared for presentation to the Liberty Fund Conference on “Liberty and the Constitutional Foundations
of International Order,” Washington, D.C., July 1991. I wish to thank Randall Holcombe, Kevin Refitt, and the participants
in the Liberty Fund Conference for helpful comments and suggestions that led to several revisions. 相似文献
2.
We consider the general problem of finding fair constrained resource allocations. As a criterion for fairness we propose an
inequality index, termed “fairness ratio,” the maximization of which produces Lorenz-undominated, Pareto-optimal allocations.
The fairness ratio does not depend on the choice of any particular social welfare function, and hence it can be used for an
a priori evaluation of any given feasible resource allocation. The fairness ratio for an allocation provides a bound on the
discrepancy between this allocation and any other feasible allocation with respect to a large class of social welfare functions.
We provide a simple representation of the fairness ratio as well as a general method that can be used to directly determine
optimal fair allocations. For general convex environments, we provide a fundamental lower bound for the optimal fairness ratio
and show that as the population size increases, the optimal fairness ratio decreases at most logarithmically in what we call
the “inhomogeneity” of the problem. Our method yields a unique and “balanced” fair optimum for an important class of problems
with linear budget constraints. 相似文献
3.
Robert F. GarnettJr. 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2011,24(1):71-76
Peter Boettke (2007) argues that economists need not act pluralistically in order for pluralism to thrive in the marketplace of economic ideas.
From a market process perspective, Boettke sees intellectual diversity and openness as catallactic outputs, not inputs—emergent
by-products of academic specialization and trade. To expect individual scholars to behave in a pluralistic manner is unnecessary
and “completely inappropriate” since it detracts from their central task: “to commit themselves to an approach and pursue
it doggedly, even in the face of great doubt and resistance by one’s peers” (Boettke 2007). This paper proposes a Smithian revision of Boettke’s position. The author argues that scholarly pluralism is best understood
as a constitutional rule of academic life—a virtue ethic that promotes learning and intellectual freedom by mitigating tyranny
and autarky in the republic of science. Drawing from the writings of Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Deirdre McCloskey, Bruce
Caldwell, James Buchanan, Don Lavoie, and Boettke himself, the author argues that scholarly pluralism has been, and continues
to be, a necessary condition for the flourishing of Austrian economists as free, responsible, efficacious thinkers. 相似文献
4.
Economic models typically allow for “free disposal” or “reversibility” of information, which implies non-negative value. Building
on previous research on the “curse of knowledge” we explore situations where this might not be so. In three experiments, we
document situations in which participants place positive value on information in attempting to predict the performance of
uninformed others, even when acquiring that information diminishes their earnings. In the first experiment, a majority of
participants choose to hire informed—rather than uninformed—agents, leading to lower earnings. In the second experiment, a
significant number of participants pay for information—the solution to a puzzle—that hurts their ability to predict how many
others will solve the puzzle. In the third experiment, we find that the effect is reduced with experience and feedback on
the actual performance to be predicted. We discuss implications of our results for the role of information and informed decision
making in economic situations.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-9128-y.
JEL Classification C91, D83 相似文献
5.
John Marangos 《Forum for Social Economics》2011,40(1):119-137
The “transition” process in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EEFSU) was one of the most dramatic non-marginal adjustments
in economic systems ever experienced. During the transition process, elements of centrally administered socialism and embryonic
market relations co-existed. This made traditional economic theory irrelevant. The purpose of this paper is to discover policy
concerns and outcomes that orthodox “transition” literature ignores. Stanfield’s contribution to the economic literature,
a cultural-holistic approach of radical institutionalism, makes it possible to understand the “transition” process from a
new and more enlightened perspective. Stanfield provides a better understanding of the complexities involved, since the nature
of change in the EEFSU is social and ever-lasting, not an end-state in the form of “transition”. Students of transition and
of international development would benefit from this novel approach, which dismisses “transition” and substitutes “social
change”, as the proper designation and manifestation of what actually took place in EEFSU. 相似文献
6.
Frédéric Lordon 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(1):1-21
The slow and endogenous twist of economic macro-structure makes up an important evolutionary feature of capitalist economies,
and may be at the root of structural crisis. In this line, a Goodwinian growth model with increasing returns and profit-sharing
that tries to picture a simple scenario of the seventies crisis is considered. It is shown that the exhaustion of the Kaldor-Verdoorn
“productivity law” can entail, in a nonlinear framework, a “catastrophic” bifurcation from a “high” to a “low” growth path.
Slow/fast dynamical systems then allow one to formalize a multiple time-scales dynamics where the growth path is shaped by
the structural framework in which it takes place, but has also a long -un feedback. Structural change and crisis appear as
long term and endogenous outcomes. 相似文献
7.
While political science has much to offer, at least some of its contributions might be difficult to incorporate into economic
models. Nevertheless, we argue that environmental economics might benefit from supplementing, combining, or sometimes even
replacing the rational choice approach with other approaches commonly used in political science. We develop our argument by
examining three core components of political science analysis: ideas, power, and institutions. For each component we review political science approaches and propositions with a view to determining “what’s in it” for
environmental economics. 相似文献
8.
9.
Albino Barrera 《Forum for Social Economics》1999,29(1):63-74
Even while acknowledging the autonomy of “laws” specific to economics, theology situates the view of economics as a “means-ends”
science of human choices within an unavoidable overarching moral order. After all, economic life is merely part of a much
larger personal quest for happiness. Thus, the efficient selection of means for particular ends necessarily takes place within
the context of objective standards of economic rights and obligations as part of human nature. The teleological perspectives
of theology add much to our understanding of economic life by providing the warrants for these rights and obligations. 相似文献
10.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
11.
This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures
and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent
analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application
to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study
of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure,
(interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies.
In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and
other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.” 相似文献
12.
Maria-Soledad Castaño 《International Advances in Economic Research》2007,13(2):139-145
The main goal of this paper is to analyse the relationship between social capital and economic growth taking into account
the role of fiscal policy from theoretical and empirical points of view. To achieve this goal, “Human Capital and Public Capital
Effects on Economic Growth” is focused on the effects of two traditional factors: human capital and public capital effects
on economic growth. “Social Capital Effects on Economic Growth” considers qualitative variables introducing some socioeconomic
effects on economic growth process analysis. In this case, social capital the main variable will be considered. “Empirical
Analysis,” an empirical analysis is developed considering the case of European countries prior to the EU enlargement. Finally,
in Conclusions,” the main conclusions will be resumed.
相似文献
13.
Emerging from the Hobbesian jungle: Might takes and makes rights 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bruce L. Benson 《Constitutional Political Economy》1994,5(2):129-158
The conflict over scarce resources in the Hobbesian jungle may be avoided if rules of obligation delineating property rights
develop along with institutions of governance. One possibility is a “duress contract” as the strongest individual threatens
others who agree to enslavement. Thus, “might takes rights.” Alternatively, individuals with similar capacities for violence
may enter a “consent contract” establishing rules of obligation and then voluntarily participating in governance. They will
not agree to a rights assignment that produces less wealth than they expect through violence, however, so “might makes rights.”
A might-takes-and-makes-rights analysis is outlined to explain the continuum of legal institutions and property rights allocations
that can evolve between these two extremes of duress and consent. Increasingly finely delineated private property rights tend
to evolve under institutions produced by consent contracts, while common pool problems tend to arise near the duress contract
end of the spectrum.
This paper draws from a larger project on “The Evolution of Law” which has been supported by the Earhart Foundation. Discussions
with and comments by Randy Holcombe, Kevin Reffit, and two anonymous referees led to significant improvements in the development
and presentation of the arguments, as did discussant comments on a related paper made by Douglas Ginsburg and participants
in the Friedrich August von Hayek Symposium on “Competition Among Institutions” in Freiburg, Germany, June 1–4, 1994, sponsored
by the International Institute at George Mason University and the Walter Eucken Institute, Freiburg. 相似文献
14.
In a context of constitutional choice of a voting rule, this paper presents an economic analysis of scoring rules that identifies
the golden voting rule under the impartial culture assumption. This golden rule depends on the weights β and (1−β) assigned
to two types of costs: the cost of majority decisiveness (‘tyranny’) and the cost of the ‘erosion’ in the majority principle.
Our first main result establishes that in voting contexts where the number of voters n is typically considerably larger than the number of candidates k, the golden voting rule is the inverse plurality rule for almost any positive β. Irrespective of n and k, the golden voting rule is the inverse plurality rule if β ≥ 1/2 .. This hitherto almost unnoticed rule outperforms any other
scoring rule in eliminating majority decisiveness. The golden voting rule is, however, the plurality rule, the most widely
used voting rule that does not allow even the slightest ‘erosion’ in the majority principle, when β=0. Our second main result
establishes that for sufficiently “small size” voting bodies, the set of potential golden rules consists at most of just three
rules: the plurality rule, the Borda rule and the inverse plurality rule. On the one hand, this finding provides a new rationalization
to the central role the former two rules play in practice and in the voting theory literature. On the other hand, it provides
further support to the inverse plurality rule; not only that it is the golden rule in voting contexts, it also belongs, together
with the plurality rule and the Borda method of counts, to the “exclusive” set of potential golden voting rules in small committees.
We are indebted to Jim Buchanan, Amichai Glazer, Noa Nitzan, Ken Shepsle, and an anonymous
referee for their useful comments. 相似文献
15.
We develop a model for economic growth applicable to a group of countries, constituting around half of the gross global production,
that have been consistently “catching up” to the US since 1960 or so. This group can be termed “the convergence club.” The
model has a theoretical basis developed in other publications (cited), but the present work is essentially empirical. It demonstrates
that there is a very strong correlation between “catchup” growth, with respect to the US, and an energy proxy (EP). The energy
proxy that works best is a linear combination of domestic electric power consumption petroleum (oil) consumption, per capita,
compared to the US levels. The results presented here do not constitute a theory of growth, but they are consistent with theory
presented elsewhere. On a practical level, we argue that consistent “catchup” trends over the past 40 years can safely be
extrapolated for a few more decades for scenario construction purposes. We also believe that the observed catchup trends can
be regarded as “potential” mid-term or long-term growth trajectories for transition economies and others that have recently
been adversely affected by conflict or mismanagement. 相似文献
16.
Using time-series cross-section analysis, we provide additional empirical validation for the principal-agent model developed
by Adserà et al. (2003). In our innovation, efficient economic policy is proxied by “economic freedom” from the Fraser Institute
database and constitutional “political institutions” are proxied by variables from the Database of Political Institutions.
Our results suggest that the more credible the threat of removal from office, the more government officials will pursue efficient
economic policies.
The authors are grateful to Alan Hamlin and an anonymous referee for their highly valuable input to the development of this
paper.
Tel.: +1-604-291-4167 相似文献
17.
Alain Marciano 《Constitutional Political Economy》2009,20(1):42-56
This article discusses the methodological foundations of Buchanan’s constitutional political economy. We argue that Buchanan
is a constitutional economist because he is an economist or a political economist. In other words, Buchanan is a constitutional economist—he insists on the necessity
of focusing on constitutions and to analyze the “rules of the social game”—because he defines economics as a science of exchange.
Buchanan’s definition of economics is not only specific, it is also opposed to the definition of economics that other economists
retain and, above all, opposed to the definition of economics that many public choice theorists use. The latter have, in effect,
adopted the Robbins 1932 definition of economics as a science of choice that Buchanan criticizes and rejects. Buchanan’s constitutional
economics can be a branch of public choice only under certain conditions.
相似文献
Alain MarcianoEmail: |
18.
Using unusually rich (for transition economies) follow-up survey data and propensity score matching techniques, this paper
seeks to increase our knowledge on what active labor market programs (ALMPs) work in South-East European countries by providing
estimates of the effects of four ALMPs implemented in Romania in the late 1990 s. We find that three programs (training and
retraining, self-employment assistance, and public employment and relocation services) had success in improving participants’
economic outcomes. In contrast, public employment was found detrimental for the employment prospects of its participants.
Our sensitivity analysis also finds evidence that, in the case of training and retraining, self-employment assistance, and
public employment and relocation services, operators “cream off” the most qualified candidates among the unemployed; whereas
public employment seems to be used as a regional policy by “bringing work to the workers”, that is, creating jobs in high
unemployment regions. 相似文献
19.
Peter L. Danner 《Forum for Social Economics》2004,33(2):1-17
In business today “spinning” typically has a negative connotation. But it's more basic meaning, as a counter-twisting action
producing multipurpose threads, actually better describes economic acts and relations. It especially illustrates Adam Smith's
basic insight into the economic act as blending the mutual self-interests of buyers and sellers, of workers and employers,
of borrowers and lenders. This meaning is obviously evident in private economic actions but it is also implicit in public
undertakings. Indeed, just a few “look-sees” into the histories of national economies demonstrate the conclusion that where
economic “weaving and spinning” interests are most effective, their economies evolve most productively and where not, they
don’t. 相似文献
20.
Aurelio G. Mauri 《International Review of Economics》2007,54(2):284-293
For the last two decades “yield management” (also called “revenue management”) has been increasingly employed in the hospitality
sector in order to improve the yield from hotel structures. What’s more, the focus is progressively more centred on the customer
instead of the room inventory.
However, up to now, little research has investigated the effects of these practices on the relationships between hotels and
their clients. This paper firstly examines the nature and the various aspects of customer perceptions regarding yield management
practices, focusing especially on perceptions of fairness.
Secondly, the paper analyses the variety of actions that hotel companies may design and implement in order to properly anticipate,
face and manage customer conflicts resulting from perceived unfairness due to the use of the revenue management levers. Finally,
these managerial techniques adopted by the hotel companies are considered in the framework of a business ethics approach.
(JEL: M19, M31)
This article is based on a paper presented at the 9th “Toulon-Verona” Conference - Excellence in services, University of Paisley,
Scotland, 7th-8th September 2006. 相似文献