完善农经统计报表制度的建议

农经统计报表真实记录和反映了农村经济取得的成果，见证了农村改革和发展的历程，同时也为各级政府和领导决策提供了科学依据，成为农村经济管理中一个不可缺少的工具。近年来，随着农村改革的深化，农经统计报表也进行了必要的调整与改革，主要是在保持原报表体系不变的前提下，增减了一些经济指标。如随着免征农业税和取消“三提五统”，去掉了农业税和提留统筹费相关经济指标，同时，     

解决农民卖粮问题与促进农业生产同样重要

我国是一个人口众多的国家，国以民为本，民以食为天。粮食生产和粮食安全是非常重要的。在耕地面积有限，粮食单产短期内难以大幅提高的情况下，稳定和提高粮食生产的最重要因素是种粮的积极性问题。1983年我国97％的农村实行了“联产承包责任制”，有力的促进了粮食生产，基本解决了一个人口大国的吃饭问题。近几年来，国家出台了一系列惠农政策，减免了农民的土地使用税，增加了农业的各项直补，促进了农业生产和农村经济的发展，保证了国家粮食的安全。     

山东省粮食局直属单位厂务公开见成效

近年来，山东省粮食局在省厂务公开协调小组的指导下，由点到面、步步深入，在直属单位广泛开展了厂务公开工作。通过厂务公开，加快了企业民主管理和民主监督进程，调动了职工参与管理的积极性，增强了企业的凝聚力和向心力，促进了企业经营管理水平的不断提高。一是拓宽了民主管理渠道。许多单位坚持公开与监督相结合的原则，做到事前介入、事中跟踪、事后检查，增强了工作的透明度，使职工对企业经营管理的知情权、参与权和监督权真正落到了实处。二是调动了经营者和广大职工的积极性。职工亲身体会到自己在企业中的主人翁地位，主动为企…     

敬礼，党旗！

理想和热血，织成了这面旗帜， 是太阳，升起在世界的东方， 镰刀和铁锤，唤醒了东方的睡狮， 是舵手，为一个伟大的民族导航。     

全面建设小康社会 切实解决“三农”问题

大地回春，省委、省政府及时召开全省农村工作会议，研究、部署今年全省农业和农村工作。这充分体现了省委、省政府继续加强农业，把充分认识和解决好“三农”问题，作为我省全面建设小康社会的关键和重中之重的战略思想。这次会议按照党的十六大精神，结合我省实际，提出了围绕全面建设小康社会，开创农业和农村工作新局面的主要任务和奋斗目标，作出了全面部署。当前，     

革命战争的物质保证——简介革命根据地党的粮食工作

中国共产党成立之后，经历了第一次国共合作，北伐战争。在蒋介石背叛革命后，终于走上了创建革命根据地，农村包围城市，武装夺取政权的道路。党领导下的粮食工作也随着革命斗争的需要不断发展，并为中国革命的胜利作出了贡献。一、粮食生产的恢复和发展产量稳步增长第二次国内革命战争时期，由于受到国民党反动派“围剿”的破坏和“左”倾错误的干扰，在根据地建立的头一二年，农业生产出现了下降。但在毛泽东的正确领导下，经过土地革命，互助合作运动，加上党和民主政府采取的各项支持发展农业生产的政策和措施，根据地农业生产，得到了…     

深化棉花流通体制改革 努力打造棉花产业强国

中国棉麻流通经济研究会成立20年了。20年来，研究会把棉花流通体制改革摆在了重要位置，通过调查研究，撰写研究报告等，为棉花流通体制改革做了大量有益的工作，博得了国务院和全国供销总社及有关部门的肯定和赞许。2001年，我国棉花流通体制完成了市场化改革。然而，依据科学发展观和与时俱进的观点，棉花流通体制改革并未完结，尚需展开新一轮的改革，把棉花产业做强。     

三台县西平镇土地延包工作调查

三台县西平镇辖４个办事处和一个农村工作办公室，３６个村，３１８个经济合作社。全镇现有人口５５７３９人，其中农业人口４８７３２人，有耕地面积４７８６８亩。在土地延包工作中，镇党委、政府切实加强领导，镇农经站、国土办等部门通力协作，密切配合，开展了全镇土地延包工作，促进了农村的稳定和各项事业的协调发展。　　一、加强组织领导，广泛宣传动员，深入贯彻土地延包政策。为了做好延长土地承包期的各项工作，镇党委、镇政府制发了土地承包关系的文件，和成立了土地延包工作领导小组；各办事处和农村工作办也成立了相应机构，…     

苗岭深山唱响同心曲——马关县仁和镇龙山脚小康示范村建设侧记

龙山脚自2005年4月启动脱贫奔小康示范村以来，在工作队和党员的示范带动下，广大群众鼓足干劲，积极投工投劳，修通了入村道路，家家户户建起了沼气池和小水窖，用智慧和双手建盖了红砖瓦房，一点一滴的抹去祖祖辈辈留下的贫困烙印，一步步走上脱贫致富的小康之路。     

积极探索一级法人经营管理新途径

作为全省农村合作金融改革试点单位之一的江苏省兴化市农村信用联社，在人民银行总行和南京分行直接关心和指导下， 2000年完成了 51家农村信用社合并法人工作，实行了统一法人体制。这一体制的实行，增强了信用联社资金调控能力、基层社抗风险能力和盈利能力，但同时也可能带来基层社一味依赖联社，吃联社“大锅饭”的问题。针对这一情况，兴化市农村信用联社及早采取措施，积极探索信用社经营管理的新途径，相继出台了一系列内部管理制度和激励机制，使各基层社和全体员工树立起强烈的竞争观念和忧患意识，有力地推动了各项工作的开展。 …     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

辽宁省植被NDVI对气候因子的滞后响应研究

目的 分析植被对气候因子的滞后响应,为区域应对气候变化、防灾减灾提供科学理论依据。方法 文章以辽宁省为研究区,利用1998—2013年SPOT/VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据和气象数据,分析研究区植被NDVI生长变化特点,对植被NDVI与降水、NDVI与温度的滞后关系进行研究,并将另一自变量的影响作为常量,揭示植被生长季不同时间尺度NDVI对降水、温度的滞后天数及其空间分布规律,并与传统分析方法进行比较。结果 5月、6月、7月、8月、9月植被NDVI对降水的滞后天数分别为70d、10d、40d、70d、20d,其中6月和9月植被对降水的响应相较其他时段更为敏感;5月、6月、8月植被NDVI分别与同期、累积10d和同期温度的偏相关关系最大;5月、6月、7月降水对植被的影响均大于温度,8月和9月植被受降水和温度的共同影响;生长季植被对降水的滞后天数在辽宁省西部和东南部等地区较长,对温度的滞后天数在辽宁省北部地区较长。结论 偏相关分析比相关分析更能准确地表达NDVI与气候因子的关系。     

Are existing soils data meeting the needs of stakeholders in Europe? An analysis of practical use from policy to field

Soils form a major component of the natural system and their functions underpin many key ecosystem goods and services. The fundamental importance of soils in the environment means that many different organisations and stakeholders make extensive use of soils data and information in their everyday working practices. For many reasons, stakeholders are not always aware that they are reliant upon soil data and information to support their activities. Various reviews of stakeholder needs and how soil information could be improved have been carried out in recent years. However, to date, there has been little consideration of user needs from a non-expert perspective. The aim of this study was to explore the use of explicit and hidden soil information in different organisations across Europe and gain a better understanding of improvements needed in soil data and information to assist in practical use by non-expert stakeholders. An on-line questionnaire was used to investigate different uses of soils data and information with 310 responses obtained from 77 organisations across Europe. Results illustrate the widespread use of soil data and information across diverse organisations within Europe, particularly spatial products and soil functional assessments and tools. A wide range of improvements were expressed with a prevalence for finer scale resolution, trends over time, future scenarios, improved accuracy, non-technical supporting information and better capacity to use GIS. An underlying message is that existing legacy soils data need to be supplemented by new up-to-date data to meet stakeholder needs and information gaps.     

The economic impacts of technology and climate change: New evidence from U.S. corn yields

Over the past century, U.S. farmers have been offered a steady stream of new agricultural technologies, and more recently, experienced climate change. Because these two events have been occurring simultaneously, identifying their separate effects is difficult, and misimputation is easy. This article explicitly examines the economics of technical change and the interaction between weather and technology as revealed in a half century of panel data on U.S. Midwest rainfed state‐average corn yields. Observed yields reflect two components: yield potential and damage to the potential caused by weather and pests. Yield potential is modeled as a stochastic production frontier where nitrogen fertilization, public corn research, and introduction and adoption of biotech corn seeds impact yield potential and excess heat impacts nitrogen productivity. The yield‐damage/damage‐control function permits biotech corn plants to abate adverse effects of weather and pest events. Results include the following: nitrogen use, public corn research, and biotech seed‐corn adoption increase yield potential; soil moisture stress reduces yield potential, and excess heat severely reduces nitrogen productivity. Biotech corn plants abate yield damage caused by soil moisture stress but not excess heat.     

Multifunctional peri-urban agriculture—A review of societal demands and the provision of goods and services by farming

Peri-urban areas around urban agglomerations in Europe and elsewhere have been subject to agricultural and land use research for the past three decades. The manner in which farming responds to urban pressures, socio-economic changes and development opportunities has been the main focus of examination, with urban demand for rural goods and services representing a driving factor to adapt farming activities in a multifunctional way. Working within the peri-urban framework, this review pays particular attention to the relevance of multifunctional agriculture. Academic discourses and empirical insights related to farm structure and practices beyond conventional agriculture are analysed. Diversification, recreational and environmental farming, landscape management and specialisation, as well as direct marketing are all taken into consideration and discussed within the context of landscape functions. The provision of rural goods and services is contrasted with societal demands on peri-urban agriculture. This review finds that multifunctional agriculture has been commonly recognised in peri-urban areas – a phenomenon that includes a large variety of activities and diversification approaches within the context of environmental, social and economic functions of agriculture. In response to the post-productive, consumption-oriented requirements of the urban society, peri-urban farmers have intensified their uptake of multifunctional activities. Nevertheless, not all multifunctional opportunities are being fully developed when one considers the large and growing urban demand for goods and services provided by agriculture carried out near the city. This paper discusses policy and planning approaches to support multifunctional agriculture in peri-urban areas.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Economics and politics of food standards,trade, and development#

Standards have played an important role in food trade for a very long time. Their rapid growth in recent years has triggered vigorous debates on their impacts on international trade and development, with many arguing that standards are “non‐tariff barriers” to trade and that standards are marginalizing the poor. I present conceptual frameworks and review empirical evidence on the equity and efficiency effects and the political economy of standards. Models which incorporate essential aspects of standards yield complex theoretical results and nuanced conclusions. Careful empirical analyses support such nuanced arguments and find complex effects. For trade, standards can create welfare gains but also involve rent redistribution which induces lobbying by interest groups to set the standards at their preferred level. This makes it difficult to distinguish socially desirable standards from those resulting from political rent‐seeking. For development, it is crucial to explicitly account for (a) the endogeneity of the institutional organization of value chains and (b) both smallholder contracting and employment creation on large scale farms when considering the impact of standards on development and poverty.     

Mobilizing Against GM Crops in India, South Africa and Brazil

This paper explores the national and transnational character of mobilization against GM crops in India, South Africa and Brazil in the ten-year period to 2005. By examining the contexts and practices of mobilization across the three countries, and in particular the complex, often fraught, local and global connections, the paper examines the diverse mobilizations that have occurred. The paper argues that to understand these processes, particular national political and economic contexts must be appreciated, alongside how the GM debates articulate with other foci for activism and the complex and often fragile nature of alliances that make up activist networks. The paper shows how the debate about GM crops has become a much wider one: about the future of agriculture and small-scale farmers, about corporate control and property rights and about the rules of global trade. In sum, a debate not just about the pros and cons of a particular set of technologies, but about politics and values and the future of agrarian society.     

Regional economic transformation: Changing land and resource access on the West Coast of New Zealand’s South Island

The West Coast region of New Zealand has experienced significant structural economic changes since the 1980s. These changes have been a result of state imposed land use restrictions that limited productivist activities such as logging and mining, which in turn have been overlain by the effects of changes in national and global resource demand. This has led to both job loss and local resentment to what is seen to be external political and environmental interference in the region. Such changes overlay on-going boom-and-bust cycles experienced in the region’s resource dependent communities and the state’s pursuit of neo-liberalism from the 1980s, leading to the loss of state support and employment in the region. Regional path-dependence and ‘lock-in’ centred on productivist activities and the slow realisation of the need to diversify the economy have not helped. The region has under-performed in comparison with national trends economically and demographically reflecting and reinforcing local path dependence. The gradual growth of the service and tourism economies marks a new use for land resources and slow structural economic change. However, in the absence of governance processes that allow for collaborative planning to resolve conflicts over future trajectories for the region, conflicts over land uses, resources and access are likely to persist.