美国跨国公司在中国与印度的离岸研发活动比较

美国跨国公司对于中国与印度的研发活动模式和重点是有差别的。中国在吸引美国制造业研发投资方面和印度在提供研发服务外包方面具有显著的优势。这使中国和印度在吸引美国跨国公司研发活动上具有一定的互补性质。     

浙江需大力吸引跨国公司研发投资

中国自20世纪90年代后期起吸引了大量的跨国公司研发投资。浙江所处的长江三角洲以其明显的区位优势，成为跨国公司建立研发机构的主要地区之一。吸引跨国公司的研发投资，并充分利用外资研发投资的技术外溢效应，将有利于浙江技术实现跨越式发展，从而更好的带动整个区域经济的发展。     

跨国公司R＆D国际化投资的行业特征及影响因素的比较与分析

跨国公司研发国际化在行业上表现出一定的不平衡性。本文对跨国公司在美国、日本、中国三国进行R＆D投资所呈现的行业特征及影响因素进行比较与分析,并试图探寻我国在更高层次.更宽领域引进R&D投资所应采取的有效措施。     

跨国公司国际研发的新趋势与发展中国家的对策

跨国公司作为全球经济的发动机，依然是国际研发的主体。但是，随着经济全球化的不断深入发展，跨国公司的国际研发也出现了新的发展趋势，跨国公司在发展中国家的研发投入日益增加，给发展中国家带来了机遇和挑战。本文认为，发展中国家在积极吸引跨国公司研发投资的同时，应该趋利避害，发展本国的经济。     

论跨国公司研发投资在我国的扩张与实施——谈企业自主创新能力的提升

随着中国作为全球重要制造基地地位的逐渐形成和加强，向中国转移研发能力、提升其在中国产业的竞争力，已成为许多跨国公司的共识。文章论述了跨国公司研发投资在我国的扩张与实施的内涵，指出了跨国公司日益增加在华研发中心和研发机构的重要特征。并且就我国企业如何学习借鉴跨国公司本土化研发投资经验，提升企业自身创新能力提出了有益的见解。     

跨国公司在华R&D投资的演进与动因分析--以京沪两地设立的研发中心为例

跨国公司自20世纪90年代中期以来纷纷加大在华R&D投资,并高度集中于北京、上海地区.本文以跨国公司在京沪两地设立的研发机构为样本,结合其在华R&D投资的演进特征,初步建立了分析跨国公司在华进行R&D投资的供求动力模型,认为跨国公司的R&D投资取决于投资方OIS优势与东道国REP平台相匹配的程度,并且与其研发投资的战略发展阶段的演进紧密相随.     

跨国公司R＆D全球化动机分析及我国的对策

知识经济的发展和信息技术的进步推动跨国公司研究与开发（R＆D）实行全球化战略。因此，了解有关跨国公司研发全球化的趋势、跨国公司在我国设立研发机构的主要动机对我国产业技术进步有很重要的意义，本文同时对我国吸引跨国公司研发投资提出政策性建议。     

跨国公司在华R＆D投资的演进与动因分析——以京沪两地设立的研发中心为例

跨国公司自20世纪90年代中期以来纷纷加大在华R&D投资,并高度集中于北京、上海地区。本文以跨国公司在京沪两地设立的研发机构为样本,结合其在华R＆D投资的演进特征, 初步建立了分析跨国公司在华进行R&D投资的供求动力模型,认为跨国公司的R&D投资取决于投资方OIS优势与东道国REP平台相匹配的程度,并且与其研发投资的战略发展阶段的演进紧密相随。     

跨国公司亚太地区研发空间结构研究

为了相对科学、直观地构建跨国公司在亚太地区的研发空间结构，本文根据数据的可得性和完全程度确定了27个指标、84个样本，运用SPSS统计分析软件进行因子分析，得出综合实力、研发环境、市场规模三个对跨国公司海外研发活动有着重要影响的主因子，并按照综合得分的结果将跨国公司亚太地区研发投资的空间等级分为五个层次，即核心区域、高密区域、中密区域、低密区域和弱势区域，勾勒出跨国公司亚太地区研发空间结构的轮廓。其中，中国位列跨国公司研发全球化的高密区域，但仍属市场导向型国家。     

外资研发机构在华的区位选择对广州吸引研发外资的启示

跨国公司研发机构全球化的浪潮已不可避免地来到中国,吸引跨国公司研发机构的投资对于发展中的中国经济明显是利大于弊,因此吸引跨国公司的研发投资成了各大城市招商引资的重点。本文将在分析跨国公司在华设立研发机构的动因的基础上,比较外资研发机构设点最多的三个城市:北京、上海、深圳的区位优势,并与广州相比较,指出广州在这四个城市中如何能在吸引外资研发机构的设立上“转劣为优”的几点建议。     

Spatial determinants of Japanese FDI in China

Research on foreign direct investment in China has spawned an increasingly large literature. Whilst regional cleavages with respect to the distribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) are acknowledged, empirical research on the spatial determinants of FDI in China has been limited. Furthermore, research on the spatial determinants of home country FDI in China has thus far been neglected due to difficulties in accessing the appropriate data. The objective of this paper is to examine the spatial determinants of Japanese direct investment in China by using an econometric model. To that purpose, a dataset is created from the Toyo Keizai directory on the overseas activities of Japanese companies. The results show that tertiary education, inland waterways, as well as coastal location are positive and significant determinants of Japanese investment in China.     

Chinese FDI to Africa: What Is the Nexus with Foreign Economic Cooperation?*

Abstract: China, once a major recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI), has recently become one of the main ‘emerging’ investors, especially in developing countries. Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) plays a very prominent role in economic interaction with many African countries. This paper empirically investigates the determinants of Chinese OFDI versus 41 African countries over the period 1998–2007. The analysis is novel because it provides empirical support to the existing, so far purely anecdotic, evidence describing Chinese FDI to Africa as driven by natural resources endowments and market potential. The econometric analysis highlights strong interrelationships between Chinese FDI and economic cooperation, which make standard models of investments unfit when assessing the role of China in Africa. It also suggests some new lines of research, exploiting the strong links between these different sources of financing.     

美国对华直接投资对中国技术进步和产业竞争力的影响

20世纪90年代以来美国对华投资发展迅速,投资规模不断扩大,在华子公司引进技术的水平也呈不断提高态势。从美国对华投资的特点来看,其主要集中在技术密集型和资本密集型产业。而且,美国对华投资以市场寻求型为主,研发当地化以适应国内市场的需求就成为其必然选择。本文将在简述美国对华投资企业技术特点的基础上,分析其对中国技术进步以及产业竞争力提升的影响,为中国在引资过程中趋利避害提供理论参考。     

Vertical Specialization and New Determinants of FDI: Evidence from South and East Asia

Abstract

By estimating a dynamic panel-gravity model of bilateral foreign direcr investment (FDI), this article investigates the location determinants of inward FDI in South and East Asia and assesses their short-run and long-run effects. The econometric results highlight the importance of the vertical specialization-, trade-, and international integration-related location factors. The gravity-specific variables are also found to be significant location determinants, whilst some of the traditional determinants are found to have either a weak or statistically insignificant effect (except host-market size) on inward FDI in South and East Asia.     

Global outsourcing or foreign direct investment: Why apple chose outsourcing for the iPod

A simple model is presented, where a firm's productivity is endogenized by its R&D investment. It shows that the most productive firms may prefer international outsourcing to foreign direct investment (FDI) in industries with a high innovation share. The high innovation share motivates the firms to economize on organizational cost in order to save resources for R&D investment, making outsourcing preferable to FDI because the former incurs a smaller organizational cost. This model helps explain why Apple Inc., belonging to the electronics industry, which has a particularly high innovation share, launched its innovative iPod through international outsourcing instead of FDI.     

FDl对我国出口贸易方式影响的统计分析

随着经济全球化逐渐加强,国际贸易和FDI作为一个开放型国家参与国际分工的重要手段飞速发展。中国加入WTO以后,FDI流入和国际贸易都增长迅速,中国已成为世界第一出口大国和最大的外资流入国,论文选取中国2002年到2010年的FDI和出口贸易的数据,统计分析FDI对我国出口贸易方式的影响。结果表明,外资促进了中国出口贸易,使得中国高技术产品出口增长迅速,并带动内资出口;并且随着中国这样的新兴经济体国际地位提升,外资更加注重研发投入,促进我国附加值更高的一般贸易出口,并带动我国内资自主创新。     

Comparative advantages in U.S. bilateral services trade with China and India

Using bilateral trade data for 16 service categories, this paper examines the patterns, evolution, and determinants of comparative advantage (CA) in U.S. services trade with China and India from 1992 to 2010. The results indicate that the U.S. has a CA in most services, except in more traditional ones, such as travel and transportation. However, India, and more recently China, gained a CA in modern services, such as computer and information services during the period considered in this paper. An examination of the distributional dynamics indicates that the likelihood of U.S. gaining CA over an initial position of comparative disadvantage (CDA) in its trade of a particular service with India is higher than the probability of losing its initial dominance. In contrast, the U.S. CA or CDA vis-à-vis China exhibits high levels of persistence over time. The regression results suggest that relative abundance of sector-specific labor, human capital, and FDI inflows have been significant sources of CA for the U.S. over both China and India.     

Innovation,learning, and exporting in China: Does R&D or a technology index matter?

This paper undertakes econometric analysis of innovation, learning, and exporting in automobiles and electronics firms in China using a large-scale 2003 dataset to identify the most appropriate innovation proxy. Drawing on recent literature on innovation and learning in developing countries, it tests two alternative proxies: (i) a technology index (TI) to capture a variety of minor activities involved in using imported technologies efficiently; and (ii) the research and development (R&D)-to-sales ratio, which represents formal technological efforts to create new products and processes, often at world frontiers. A higher TI increases the probability of exporting in both industries, while the R&D-to-sales ratio was not significant. Foreign ownership, technical manpower, and the characteristics of the general manager/chief executive officer also matter. The findings suggest that China's remarkable success in the export of automobiles and electronics since initiating an open-door foreign direct investment (FDI) policy in 1978 is linked to technology transfer from multinationals; systematic investments in and upgrading of minor technological activities (like search, engineering, quality management and design); and human capital. As China's per capita income rises over time, however, formal R&D activities are likely to become more important to sustain competitiveness and technological upgrading in automobiles and electronics.     

研发国际化与企业创新绩效——吸收能力和地理多样性的调节作用

新兴经济体企业的国际化行为已经成为国际商务领域的研究热点之一,但如中国这样的新兴经济体的跨国企业是否能够通过研发国际化行为提升母公司的创新绩效,现有文献对该问题尚缺乏足够的研究。文章基于2011-2017年间沪深两市310家信息技术业上市跨国企业的年度观察数据,采用泊松面板固定效应模型考察了企业研发国际化与母公司创新绩效之间的关系,并首次从逆向知识转移的视角,探讨了吸收能力和地理多样性对研发国际化和创新绩效两者关系的调节作用。实证结果表明：中国企业的研发国际化显著促进母公司创新绩效的提升;以研发投入强度衡量的企业吸收能力显著正向调节研发国际化和创新绩效之间的关系,而以布劳异质性指数测量的地理多样性则显著负向调节研发国际化和创新绩效的关系。研究结果对中国企业国际化行为具有重要启示。该研究发现意味着中国企业在国际化过程中应该加大海外研发投资力度以提升母公司创新绩效,且为更好地实现外部知识的逆向转移,应同时提高企业总体研发投入强度。但作为新兴经济体企业,不宜在地理分布上实行快速扩张,否则较高的沟通和协调成本将弱化逆向知识转移的程度,而不利于母公司创新绩效的提升。     

United States-China two-way direct investment: Opportunities and challenges

There is surprisingly little cross investment between the U.S. and China, the two largest economies in the world. Only 1.5% of the stock of U.S. direct investment abroad was in China at end-2015. The stock of Chinese direct investment in the U.S. is also lower than would be expected given that the U.S. is the world’s largest recipient of FDI. In recent years, however, the flow of direct investment from China to the U.S. has accelerated rapidly, and if current trends persist within a short time there will be a larger stock of Chinese investment in the U.S. than of U.S. investment in China. The small amount of U.S. investment in China can be traced to two primary factors: first, poor protection of property rights, including intellectual property rights (IPR), which limits the potential benefits that U.S. firms can receive from their technology and brands; and China’s restrictions on direct investment in many sectors important to U.S. firms. Among G-20 countries, China is the most restrictive in terms of openness to direct investment. The relatively small amount of Chinese investment in the U.S. can also be traced to two factors: first, much of the initial impetus for Chinese firms to go out was to secure natural resources, while the U.S. is not a resource-rich country relative to its GDP or population; and second, the national security reviews of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. have soured many Chinese investors on the U.S. market. The two countries have agreed to negotiate a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). This could open the doors to large amounts of investment in both directions if it addresses key issues. For U.S. firms, access to more sectors and better protection of IPR are crucial. Chinese firms seek a less politicized environment in which to invest. In its Third Plenum decision of 2013 the Communist Party leadership indicated its intention to open more sectors to foreign investment and competition. A BIT could help lock in these necessary reforms.