货币区建设与货币政策的独立性：一个分析框架

美国次贷危机引发了全球性金融危机,这凸显了以美国为核心的“金融资本主义模式”和以美元为核心的国际货币金融体系的制度性缺陷,改革现行的以美元为核心的国际货币金融体系势在必行,建立货币区是较为现实的选择。但在现行货币政策框架下,货币区不可避免会出现“三元悖论”困境。本文提出的贷款准备金政策框架模型,能够解决货币区在保证其内在要求的资本自由流动和汇率稳定基本前提下,区内各个成员保持货币政策的独立性问题。     

Global imbalances and dynamics of international financial markets

We provide an overview of the special issue “Global Imbalances and dynamics of international financial markets”. This special issue, which is associated with the 7th International Finance Conference, features research papers dealing with the impact of global imbalances, market complexity, and the impact of the recent global financial crisis on the conduct of monetary policies, financial market dynamics, financial stability, and risk management models.     

关于国际本位货币历史沿革与发展趋势研究的文献综述

从布雷顿森林体系建立开始,美元就一直在国际货币体系中占据核心位置,本轮全球性金融危机中亦深刻体现了现有体系难以有效"约束"美元,并最终酿成了世界性的恶果。有关美元垄断地位的可持续性以及未来的国际本位货币格局再次成为关注的焦点,成为摆在我们面前非常值得研究的课题。文章试图系统梳理百年发展史中国际本位货币的基本特征、运行机制、演变过程,引出对国际本位币历史沿革的全面了解。并归纳总结国内外学术界关于国际货币体系改革的几种主流观点,以基于演变规律的基础上,探讨国际本位货币的未来走向、拟遵循什么样的改革原则和改革方案以顺应国际本位货币的发展趋势。     

Monetary unions—a superior alternative to full dollarization in the long run☆

The paper extends the debate about the exchange rate system that is appropriate in view of the pressures for currency consolidation in open international financial markets to the issue of full dollarization versus (multilateral) monetary union. Unilateral dollarization may not be sustainable politically in the long run because fully dollarized countries may not be willing to keep on paying a seignorage tribute to the United States once they have built a record of internal stability. Even in the short and medium term, fulfillment of the fiscal and regulatory adjustments and reforms required for multilateral monetary union is preferable to embarking on unilateral dollarization without assurance that needed reforms will be supported by the country’s main constituencies.     

International spillovers in global asset markets

The paper empirically estimates the financial transmission within and across bond and equity markets in the four largest global financial markets – the United States, the Euro area, Japan, and the United Kingdom. We argue that international bond and equity markets are highly interconnected both within and across asset classes in a globalized world, where the complex transmission process across various financial assets is not restricted to just the domestic market. This paper employs identification through generalized forecast error variance decompositions to estimate spillovers across four systemic markets in a Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework. We find that asset prices react most strongly to international shocks within the same asset class, but that there are also substantial international spillovers across asset classes. Rolling estimations analysis provides evidence that global asset markets have become more integrated and that the bilateral relationships change over time. Our results are robust to specifications that take into account the monetary policy stance and include foreign exchange markets.     

On the Evolution of Money and its Implications for Price Stability

This review identifies in the literature three distinct conceptual frameworks for analysing money, in which the means of settlement is provided by (i) a special commodity used in exchange, (ii) all generally accepted media of exchange including some bank deposits, and (iii) a book‐keeping system recording changes in ownership of financial assets within a pure credit economy. All three sections consider the implications for monetary policy aimed at maintaining price stability. The paper concludes that future theoretical developments are likely to take place within finance theory rather than being based on the quantity theory of money.     

“Global factors,international spillovers,and the term structure of interest rates: New evidence for Asian Countries”

This paper provides new evidence about the role of common global factors exploring the existence of structural breaks in the long-run trend of the term structure and analyzes the spillover effects from the unconventional monetary policies recently implemented by major industrialized countries. For a panel of four Asian economies (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea), we show that, accounting for the role of global liquidity factors, parameters restrictions associated with the EHTS are not rejected, even after a regime-shift occurring at the end of 2005, thus supporting an extended weak version of the “Liquidity Premium Theory”. We also document relevant discrepancies in the short-run dynamics of long-term interest rates, which are strictly related to some structural differences between these Asian countries in terms of the “impossible trinity” between monetary independence, financial openness and exchange rate stability.     

金融市场建设对人民币国际化的作用分析

中国作为一个发展中大国在世界经济中的地位日渐提升,以及全球金融危机暴露出来现行国际货币体系的诸多弊端与国际货币多元化的必要性,人民币国际地位问题也吸引了越来越多的关注。但是由于我国的金融市场尚不发达、金融衍生产品比较匮乏、以及利率与汇率的市场化尚未实现等因素,可能会制约着人民币国际化的步伐。本文从人民币国际化的含义、条件及构建发达的金融系统对人民币国际化的重要作用等方面系统地分析了我国目前金融市场发展的状况,从加强我国金融市场建设方面阐述了人民币国际化的措施。     

中美货币政策国际协调的福利收益——基于NOEM框架的分析

本文利用金融危机前后中美两国经济数据,描述了两国货币政策协调与经济周期协动之间的关系。同时,以新开放经济宏观经济学为理论分析框架,结合经济全球化及金融危机后中美两国现实背景,借鉴Canzoneri等对货币政策国际协调的福利收益的衡量和分析方法,考察了中美两国进行货币政策国际协调的福利收益函数及需要满足的条件。理论模型分析表明,当两国各部门受到冲击的不确定性不对称程度较低时,货币政策国际协调是双赢的选择。     

Assessing international commonality in macroeconomic uncertainty and its effects

This paper uses a large vector autoregression to measure international macroeconomic uncertainty and its effects on major economies. We provide evidence of significant commonality in macroeconomic volatility, with one common factor driving strong comovement across economies and variables. We measure uncertainty and its effects with a large model in which the error volatilities feature a factor structure containing time-varying global components and idiosyncratic components. Global uncertainty contemporaneously affects both the levels and volatilities of the included variables. Our new estimates of international macroeconomic uncertainty indicate that surprise increases in uncertainty reduce output and stock prices, adversely affect labor market conditions, and in some economies lead to an easing of monetary policy.     

美国量化宽松货币政策下的中国货币政策思考

本轮全球性大危机的一个重要特征是美国量化宽松货币政策的长期持续。美国持续的量化宽松政策对作为生产型经济体的中国将产生长期不利影响。本文分析了美国持续量化宽松货币政策对中国的对外贸易和资本流动两个层面的不利冲击,得出了人民币对外升值与对内贬值的压力将长期伴随中国经济的观点,在此基础上指出中国中央银行应谨慎论证和抉择货币政策"币值稳定"目标值:在生产要素价格低估下人民币不宜过快升值,传统的通胀预警指标需要修正和提高;提出了未来货币政策总趋势应该是中性的、应注重总量调控与结构调整并重等政策建议。     

Asset price targeting in an open economy with cognitive limitations: The best for macroeconomic and financial stability?

The choices of policy targets and the formation of agent expectations have been critical issues addressed by monetary policy management since the financial crisis of 2008. This paper evaluates macroeconomic stability in a new Keynesian open economy in which agents experience both cognitive limitations and asset market volatility. The (im)perfect credibility of various monetary policies (e.g., a Taylor-type rule with- or without asset price targeting, strict domestic inflation targeting, strict CPI inflation targeting, and exchange rate peg) may lead agents to react according to their expectation rules, and thus create various degrees of booms and busts in output and inflation. Simulations confirm that a Taylor-type CPI inflation targeting including an asset price target is the best choice. In contrast, the business cycles induced by Keynesian “animal spirits” are enhanced by strict inflation targeting. Furthermore, a credible exchange rate pegging system with an international reserve pooling arrangement can improve social welfare and stability in an open economy, even though its absolute value of the loss function is slightly lower than a Taylor-type CPI inflation targeting including an asset price target.     

国际短期资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响分析——基于VAR模型和脉冲响应函数的研究

采用VAR模型和冲脉效应函数实证分析国际短期资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响分析,结果显示：货币供给量、利率和国际短期资本流动之间具有长期稳定的均衡关系;利率变动和货币供给之间反向变动;国际短期资本流动对货币政策有效性的影响已经显现,然而国际短期资本流动带来的货币供应量的上升被国家货币政策的调控所冲销,而且冲销力度过大;由于我国对资本流动进行管制,因此隐蔽性资本流动对货币政策效果目标的影响不明显;进出我国的国际短期资本的套利动机虽然不显著,但是国际短期资本流动和利率的关联性已经很强。最后,以实证结果为依据,提出相应对策建议。     

The unique dollarization case of Lebanon

We perform a thorough analysis of the unique dollarization case of Lebanon, a heavily dollarized economy with recurring public deficits and monetary financing of the public debt, together with contained inflation and a de facto fixed exchange rate lasting for more than 20 years. What makes Lebanon’s case specific is the high level of foreign currency liquidity in the hands of the banking system due to the abundant capital inflows in the last three decades, and the high levels of the central bank’s gross international reserves, contrasting with its low and sometimes negative levels of net international reserves. We shed light on a number of areas that have so far been unexplored in international finance and monetary economics, mainly the difference between gross and net international reserves and their relative fiscal costs, together with a synthetic classification of sterilization techniques. We explain the monetary “freezing” mechanism that helped contain inflation in Lebanon, despite the monetary financing of the country’s recurring public deficits. We also assess the results of Lebanon’s monetary and exchange rate policy in the last two decades, and make a number of policy recommendations in light of previous studies.     

Central Bank or Monetary Authority? Three Views on Money and Monetary Reform

The global financial crisis triggered profound changes in the conduct of monetary policy, with ultra‐low interest rates and asset purchases becoming the main policy tools. This represents a major shift towards interventionism that even ten years after the global financial crisis has not been reversed. In this article, I assess three views on money and monetary reform. I argue that a central bank regime with a narrow focus on refinancing property at market interest rates remains an attractive alternative to the current regime and provides an essential benchmark to assess the progress of monetary normalisation.     

金融全球化过程中银行危机的传染性及我国的应对策略

随着经济全球化的深化,随着我国整个金融体系开放程度的加深,任何来自国际金融市场的危机都可能对我国商业银行体系造成灾难性冲击,本文从分析银行危机跨国传染的路径着手,提出了我国防范国际金融危机传染的对策和建议,以期为我国银行体系的改革提供新的思路。     

Monetary Policy and Macroprudential Policy: New Evidence from a World Panel of Countries

The event of the recent financial crisis raises the question of whether policy makers could have done more or something different to prevent the build‐up of financial imbalances. This paper contributes to the field of regulatory impact by tackling the debate on whether central banks should ‘lean against the wind’, while in case the response is positive, how macroprudential policies should be combined with monetary policy. Using an augmented Taylor rule and a sample of 127 global economies, the results provide evidence on the importance of macroprudential issues for the implementation of an effective monetary policy. They also document that the type of adopted macroprudential instrument has a substantial effect on such effectiveness, with this policy mix being less ‘integrated’ when the monetary rule aims at primarily safeguarding inflation stability. The results survive robustness checks under alternative assets.     

关于浙江企业境外直接投资的几个问题

归纳了一些浙江企业拓展对外开放广度和深度,把"引进来"和"走出去"更好结合起来,形成经济全球化条件下参与国际经济合作和竞争新优势的经验,分析了其投资的动因以及今后发展的趋势。     

Cross-section dependence and the monetary exchange rate model – A panel analysis

This paper tackles the issue of cross-section dependence for the monetary exchange rate model in the presence of unobserved common factors using panel data from 1973 until 2007 for 19 OECD countries. Applying a principal component analysis we distinguish between common factors and idiosyncratic components and determine whether non-stationarity stems from international or national stochastic trends. We find evidence that the common factors are I(1) while the idiosyncratic components are I(0). This finding indicates that cross-member cointegration exists and non-stationarity in exchange rates and fundamentals is mainly driven by common international trends. We find evidence that the common factors of the exchange rates and fundamentals are cointegrated. In addition, the estimated long-run coefficients of this common international relationship are in line with the suggestions of the monetary model with respect to income and money.     

The macro-financial factors behind the crisis: Global liquidity glut or global savings glut?

It has been argued that the global financial crisis 2007–2009 was intrinsically related to two largely unprecedented phenomena in the global economy: (i) exceptionally benign financial market conditions as mirrored in historically low risk premia and buoyant asset price developments as well as (ii) an unprecedented widening of external imbalances. This paper explores to what extent these global trends can be understood as a reaction to three structural shocks to the macro-financial environment of the global economy: (i) monetary shocks (“excess liquidity” hypothesis), (ii) preference shocks (“savings glut” hypothesis), and (iii) investment shocks (“investment drought” hypothesis). In order to uniquely identify these shocks in an integrated framework, we estimate structural VARs for the two main regions with widening imbalances, the United States and emerging Asia, using sign restrictions that are compatible with standard New Keynesian and Real Business Cycle models. Our results show that (US) monetary policy shocks explain the largest part of the variation in imbalances and financial market prices. We find that savings shocks and investment shocks explain less of the variation. Hence, a “liquidity glut” may have been a more important driver of real and financial imbalances in the US and emerging Asia that ultimately triggered the global financial crisis.