中国省区土地利用差异驱动因素实证研究

研究目的:从区域层次上和时空尺度上研究中国省区土地利用差异的成因及其驱动因素,为土地利用规划和管理提供依据.研究方法:应用SPSS软件进行定量分析.研究结果:揭示了中国省区土地利用差异的驱动因素及其影响规律.研究结论:土地利用差异的实质是土地利用结构差异,在生态环境质量的刚性约束下,改变土地利用方式,实行节约和集约利用土地,实现低占地经济增长和土地资源可持续利用.     

平昌县土地利用动态变化分析

土地利用变化研究是生态环境变化研究的重要基础,也是规范人类行为的科学决策依据。随着人口的持续增长和社会经济的快速发展,平昌县土地利用发生了较大的变化。本文以平昌县2006~2010年土地利用统计资料为依据,利用土地利用动态度模型、土地利用程度模型、区域差异模型,对该县2006~2010年的土地利用动态变化状况进行了分析。分析结果表明：平昌县耕地、园地、林地、城乡建设用地、交通水利用地面积在增加,其他农用地、水域、自然保留地在减少;自然保留地和林地面积变化幅度相当大,变化面积分别为-2005.92hm2、937.96hm2;土地利用变化速度较快,年变化率达0.53%;土地利用程度较高,土地利用综合指数达245.18,土地利用处于发展时期;各乡镇土地利用变化区域差异显著。     

土地保有税对工业企业土地利用效率影响研究——基于江苏省的典型企业调查

研究目的：系统地考察土地保有税对工业企业土地利用效率的影响,为国家宏观调控提供依据。研究方法：计量模型法、问卷调查法、区域比较法。研究结果：土地保有税对工业企业的土地利用效率具有显著正向影响,同时,这种影响具有较大的区域差异和行业差异。研究结论：可以利用土地保有税对工业企业的土地利用行为进行调控,但要注意制度安排的差别化,并建议实施从价土地保有税。     

基于区域战略的江苏省土地统筹利用分区研究

研究目的:提出区域土地统筹利用分区的概念和划分方法,以江苏省为案例进行分析,为区域土地利用、城乡建设等相关规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法:结合主成分分析法和空间聚类法进行综合分区;采用演绎法划分实施区域发展战略的土地利用保障区;以空间迭置法构建江苏省土地统筹利用分区。研究结果:将江苏省划分为4个土地统筹利用大区、7个亚区。研究结论:统筹区域土地利用应将土地利用的现实和未来相结合,以土地统筹利用分区作为研究的空间依据,该分区是土地利用区划和土地利用功能分类的结合,属于区划性质,兼有土地利用功能分类的特点。     

基于空间Logistic和Markov模型集成的区域土地利用演化方法研究

研究目的:以深圳市为对象定量研究区域土地利用演化方法。研究方法:文献资料法,空间Logistic模型和Markov模型,实证分析法。研究结果:(1)空间Logistic和Markov模型集成可提升单一模型的应用能力,宏观上利用Markov Chain进行土地利用规模总量预测,微观上利用多分类Multinomial Logistic模型解决分类变量与连续变量,定性变量和定量变量的联合解算提高空间回归精度,同时可以确定每一个土地利用单元转移概率,实现土地利用空间分布的预测;(2)基于集成模型开发出的应用系统能够有效仿真和预测深圳市土地利用演化,通过验证系统预测精度能够满足近期土地利用预警和年度土地供应计划编制。研究结论:空间Logistic和Markov的集成模型是研究区域近期土地利用演化的有效方法。     

基于信息熵的我国土地利用结构动态变化研究

根据对全国及6大经济区域土地利用结构信息熵和均衡度的计算分析,近10年来,我国土地利用结构向均衡状态发展,主要原因是生态退耕和建设占用耕地导致土地利用结构转换;区域土地利用结构均衡度的时空分异特征十分突出,经济增长和制度因素是各区域土地利用结构转换的主要驱动力,而土地利用类型的分散程度造成了土地利用结构均衡度的空间差异.为抑制土地利用结构频繁转换,应调整完善生态退耕政策,严格控制耕地非农化.     

基于土地利用结构分析的川中传统农区功能分区研究

[目的]川中传统农区地形条件复杂、生态环境脆弱、土地利用破碎而多样,通过定量分析区域土地利用结构特征,合理划定土地利用功能分区,对引导区域土地资源合理配置和精准实施差别化管理具有一定的现实意义。[方法]文章选取四川盆地川中丘陵与川东平行岭谷区交界处的重庆市荣昌区为例,选用土地利用总体组合类型、土地利用程度、地类区位意义等指数定量分析研究区土地利用结构特征,结合区域资源优势划定土地利用功能分区。[结果](1)2017年研究区土地利用组合类型齐全,以种植用地和生态用地为主要用地类型,土地利用程度较高,整体功能较强。各村土地利用受自然条件和经济发展辐射效应的影响,呈现出显著的空间分异特征。研究区中部土地利用类型齐全,以建设用地为主,呈现出多种用地类型相间分布的特点;中西部和西南部土地利用专门化程度较高,种植用地区位意义突出,土地利用程度较高;东北部及南部生态用地区位意义突出,呈现出种植用地、生态用地交错的特征,土地利用程度相对较低。(2)依据土地利用空间异质性规律和研究区资源禀赋差异,研究区土地利用可划分为现代农业发展、城乡农旅综合开发、特色种养发展、生态林果培育四大主导功能区。[结论]针对土地利用条件复杂多样的川中传统农区,通过精准识别区域土地利用结构特征,实现土地利用功能分区,其研究思路和结果,可为新时期川中传统农区开展类似研究提供借鉴。     

快速城市化地区土地利用动态变化及结构效率分析——以江苏省为例

研究目的:利用江苏省1997-2006年土地利用变更调查数据,分析江苏省近10年间的土地利用动态变化及土地利用结构效率.研究方法:土地利用动态变化数量模型和数据包络分析.研究结果:(1)1997-2006年,江苏省各地市中扬州市的土地利用最为活跃,而连云港市的土地利用最不活跃.(2)全省土地利用程度不断增强,区域土地利用程度存在差异.(3)全省区域间土地利用变化的空间差异明显.(4)DEA弱有效和DEA非有效区域应通过土地利用结构调整,提高土地利用的投入产出水平.研究结论:DEA方法能较好地应用于区域土地利用结构效率分析并有效揭示区域土地利用结构调整的方向.     

许昌市土地利用功能分区研究

研究目的:构建土地利用功能分区体系,划分土地利用功能分区,为区域土地利用调控提供依据.研究方法:归纳对比法,专题图叠加法,系统聚类分析法.研究结果:构建了区域土地利用功能分区等级体系,划分出5个土地利用功能区和20个功能亚区.研究结论:在土地利用功能分区等级体系框架下,对区域进行功能分区,可实现对区域土地利用的调控.     

中国省际土地利用隐性形态时空格局、驱动力与转型模式

研究目的:土地利用转型与经济社会发展密切关联,探究土地利用转型格局、过程与模式以改进土地管理政策、调控土地利用转型。研究方法:综合指数法,横向比较法。研究结果:中国省际土地利用隐性形态的时空格局与区域经济社会发展阶段高度吻合;土地利用隐性形态指数在空间上由东部沿海向西部内陆梯度减小,局部呈"条带状"和"抱团式"集聚;土地利用隐性形态变化的主要驱动力包括资源环境承载力格局变化、城镇化、差别化土地政策;土地利用转型具有周期性和阶段性,转型周期呈现"S型"演化态势;各省市所处土地利用转型阶段差异较大,但整体处于土地利用转型的中阶稳定态。研究结论:应选择差别化土地利用转型路径,塑造与区域经济社会发展阶段相适应的土地利用格局。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.