启动农村消费市场的几点对策

改革开放以来,我国农民人均收入得到不断增加,农民的人均消费水平不断提高,消费结构也不断呈现出升级的趋势.……     

城镇化水平与农民收入的相关性研究

城镇化水平与农民人均收入存在着密切关系，即城镇化水平越高，农民人均收入越高；城镇化水平越低，农民人均收入越低。因此，要增加农民人均收入，就必须提高城镇化水平，特别是提高中西部省份的城镇化水平。文章主要运用统计学中的回归分析方法来阐述这一观点。     

黑龙江:合作社主持土地流转

以土地合作社模式进行规模经营正成为黑龙江各级涉农部门和广大农村干部热议的话题,以多种形式的土地流转加入合作社在黑龙江被越来越多的农民所接受……是什么让农民对合作社趋之若鹜?用哈尔滨大用农作物种植专业合     

为何“三成年景，十分收入”？

黑龙江老区桦南县孟家岗镇是个六山半水三分田的半山区。2003年遭受特大旱灾，全镇17．6万亩耕地，平均保苗率仅为3成。然而，就是在这种只有三成年景的特大灾害情况下，农民人均收入仍达到2002年丰收年的水平——2400元。     

调整农业结构的途径

改革开放以来,我国农村经济获得了较大发展,农民增收渠道也得到了拓宽,但总体上说,农业特别是粮食生产仍是农民收入的主要来源,一般仍占农民收入的50％左右,去年人均收入约为2200元,是城市人均收入的40％左右,增长速度也是城市的一半。因此,以市场为导向,调整优化农业结构,不断提高农业的经济效益,将成为农民增收致富、增加消费的一条现实而有效的途径。     

宋英屯农民干啥啥来钱

<正>在黑龙江老区通北镇只有300多户、1200口人的兴东村宋英屯,一年四季很难找到闲人,他们都在忙着手里的活计,做豆腐的,养奶牛的,种香瓜的,做生意的,收购废品的,样样都做得红火,干啥啥来钱。2009年屯里农业虽然受灾,但村民靠多种经营,人均收入仍达到8000元,远远高于附近村屯农民的收入。     

（五）主题发言

国家发改委产业经济与技术经济研究所所长马晓河：多年来，农民收入低，主要是中西部地区农民收入低。农民收入增长缓慢，也主要是中西部地区农民收入增长缓慢。比如，2000年西部地区农民人均年纯收入为1556元，是东部地区的52％，2003年西部地区农民人均年纯收入为1878.9元，仍然是东部地区52％。如果能将西部地区农村2.82多亿农民的人均收入水平提高50％，该地区农民收入人均将会增加940元，农民人均收入水平也将增加280元。     

综合性合作经济组织是一种发展趋势

一位日本农协的学者曾对我说,日本农协是将农民集生产者、经营者于一身的综合性转化为自己的综合性,在组织生产联合的同时,还运作与农业相关的金融保险、房地产、旅游酒店等第三产业，所得利润补贴给农民，农民60％的收入来自农协运营第三产业的收入，所以，日本农民人均收入高于城市人均收入。     

胡鞍钢:中国反贫困的五大目标

著名经济学家胡鞍钢指出，未来中国反贫困的五大目标是： 第一，提高贫困农民人均收入水平。到２００５年人均收入提高３０％，到２０１０年人均收入提高６０％－６５％。 第二，保证贫困农民解决吃饭问题，保证其基本食物消费需求，每人每日２１５０大卡。既要提高贫困农民生产粮食的能力，更要通过提高他们的人均收入水平，进而提高他们购买口粮和其他食品的能力。 第三，为贫困农民创造更好的就业机会。国家投资的“以工代赈”改善农村基础设施条件的项目，应优先安排贫困劳动力；鼓励和帮助贫困农民外出打工，促进农村剩余劳动力转移；…     

黑龙江省小康社会建设中的农业发展问题

十六大报告明确了未来中国的发展方向、发展目标,即全面建设小康社会.既然是全面建设小康社会,这里绝不排除收入的不均衡性,但是运用木桶效应来说,就是最短的也应该达到小康的标准,而不是平均的小康社会.由此来说,全面建设小康社会,其重点、难点和突破口就是中国广大的农村,实现的对象就是广大的农民,实现的载体就是可持续发展的农业.对黑龙江未来农业的发展,以建设小康社会为根本目标而言,农业的发展方向应形成黑龙江农业的区域特色.     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.