经济开放、市场化进程与城乡收入差距的关系研究

本文利用中国30省区1999～2011年的面板数据,检验经济开放、市场化与城乡收入差距之间的关系。为控制内生性,采用了外部工具变量和滞后期工具变量相结合的策略以及工具变量GMM方法。结果表明:贸易开放对城乡收入差距具有显著并稳健的正向效应;市场化显著缩小了城乡收入差距;外资依存度与城乡收入差距呈现出正U型关系,中国尚处在该曲线的左半部分。     

我国城乡收入差距与经济增长的关系分析

城乡收入差距是我国二元经济发展过程中必须面对的一个问题。本文基于我国1985～2O08年的年度数据,运用计量经济方法,对我国城乡收入差距与经济增长的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,我国城乡收入差距与经济增长之间表现出一种长期稳定的均衡关系,而且二者之间是一种单向因果关系,即在短期内,城乡收入差距是经济增长的格兰杰原因,而在长期,经济增长是收入差距的格兰杰原因。     

区域经济溢出效应与地区收入差距关系分析

现有区域间收入差距的研究主要关注不同区域在其发展过程中受惠程度的差异,一般不涉及区域发展间的相互影响机制.从区域问相互作用的角度出发.采用1990年、2000年、2007年的截面数据,用各省收入差距对其溢出效应进行回归分析的研究结果表明.短期内区域经济增长溢出效应不足以缩小地区间收入差距,但长期内溢出效应有助于缩小收入差距.     

城乡收入差距与消费需求关系的实证研究

该文利用1985—2009年数据，建立城乡收入差距对居民消费需求的回归方程，结果表明城乡收入差距对居民消费需求产生负影响，并且存在一定的滞后效应，说明我国政府应注重收入分配政策的长远战略，以及应采取措施缩小城乡收入差距，以免对经济增长产生制约作用。     

贸易开放度、要素流动性与城乡收入差距的形成

本文利用1992-2009年期间中国31个省(市、区)的面板数据,实证了贸易开放度在不同时期对城乡居民收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易开放度是影响我国城乡收入差距的重要因素,但在不同时期影响方向不同:1992-2001年期间,由于开放的程度不大,要素流动性不强,贸易开放度对城乡收入差距有扩大的效应;2002-2009年期间,由于开放度的加大,要素流动性加强,对外贸易有利于缩小城乡收入差距。     

经济转型与城乡收入差距——以广西1980～2009年数据为例

本文基于广西1980～2009年数据,研究了经济转型对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现：非国有化、政府对经济活动干预程度的减弱对缩小城乡收入差距有显著的作用,经济开放则显著地扩大城乡收入差距。此外,城市化对城乡收入差距的扩大也有显著影响,而财政、金融对农村资源的投入等因素对缩小城乡收入差距的影响并不显著。研究结果表明,缩小城乡收入差距,政府应重点推进经济转型,特别是推进非国有化和减少对经济活动的干预;收入均等与经济增长可以成为地方政府两个并行不悖的目标,中央政府在推进城乡统筹时应尊重地方的自主实践。     

FDI对广州城乡居民收入差距影响的实证分析

缩小城乡收入差距是经济健康发展的保证,是构建和谐社会的必然要求。本文运用广州1985—2012年时间序列数据实证检验FDI对城乡收入差距的影响。研究结果显示:广州FDI与城乡收入差距存在库兹淫茨"倒U"形曲线关系,现阶段正处于曲线左端,即FDI引入导致城乡居民收入差距拉大,但长期随着外资依存度增大,城乡居民收入差距状况得到逐步改善。本文最后就缩小城乡收入差距提出建议。     

农村人口转移对城乡收入差距的影响——基于中国313个地级市的经验证据

本文梳理农村人口转移对城乡收入差距的影响机制,从人力资本效应、规模经济效应、条件瓶颈效应和资本回流效应四个方面阐述该影响机制,整理313个地级市2005～2014年的数据,实证检验农村人口流出对城乡收入差距的影响,结果发现农村人口转移对城乡收入差距具有收敛效应.进一步的异质性分析发现,人口规模较大及与中心城市距离中等的地区的农村人口转移对城乡收入差距的收敛效应更加明显.据此,本文提出了一些相关的政策建议.     

教育及经济增长对收入分配的门槛效应研究

基于我国2001-2008年的省级面板数据,本文采用面板平滑转移模型,检验教育、经济增长对收入分配的门槛效应。研究发现我国教育、经济增长与收入分配之间存在门槛效应,应科学合理的认识我国教育不平等,以及经济增长对收入分配差距的影响。因此,政府要根据教育年限和经济增长的不同情况,因地制宜地采取有效措施,缩小收入分配差距。     

重庆城乡居民收入差距与经济增长研究

运用重庆市1985-2009年的经济统计数据,本文对其城乡居民收入差距与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究。协整方程表明重庆城乡居民收入差距与经济增长之间存在稳定的长期均衡关系,重庆市人均GDP每增长1%将导致城乡居民收入差距扩大0.1444%;格兰杰因果检验表明不论是短期抑或是长期,重庆市经济增长均是城乡居民收入差距扩大的原因,但居民收入差距变动并不是经济增长的原因。因此,消除政策性排斥,加大农村金融创新,探寻一条符合重庆实际的、科学合理的城市化与工业化道路,是缩小城乡居民收入差距的有效途径。     

Trade openness,income levels,and economic growth: The case of developing countries, 1970–2009

This paper attempts to investigate the extent to which trade openness has had an impact on the levels of income and rates of growth in a sample of 115 developing countries for the period 1970–2009. Additionally, to assess whether there is an income level threshold for a country to benefit from international trade, the sample is broken down into three mutually exclusive groups of countries: low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middle-income countries. The main novelty of the paper lies on the use, on the one hand, of a new and better trade openness measure and, on the other hand, of non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to cope with the problem of cross-sectional dependence. The results show a positive bi-directional relationship between trade openness and income level in the long run, thus suggesting that trade openness is both a cause and a consequence of the level of income. The results for the short run, that is, the link between openness growth and economic growth, go in the same direction.     

Intellectual Property Rights,FDI, R&D and Economic Growth: A Cross‐country Empirical Analysis

This paper aims to empirically examine how intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection, foreign direct investment (FDI) and research and development (R&D), along with other possible variables, may affect the economic growth of the host country. Using the panel data of 92 countries during 1970–2007, I conclude from the system generalised method of moments estimation that domestic investment share, FDI, R&D capacity, openness to trade, human capital and IPRs protection all have statistically significant and positive impacts on economic growth. A further investigation of countries at different levels of development suggests two striking findings. First, besides the domestic investment, openness, human capital and IPRs protection, R&D is the key to drive economic growth in the higher‐income countries, while FDI is the engine of growth in both higher‐income and middle‐income countries. Second, a positive and significant impact of IPRs protection on economic growth is found in both higher‐income and lower‐income countries. However, such an impact is not detected in the middle‐income countries.     

政治风险、经济一体化与空间效应对中国出口贸易的影响

文章实证检验了经济一体化程度、政治风险与空间效应等变量对中国出口的影响。研究结果表明,经济一体化程度越高越有利于中国的出口;中国独特的政治经济环境,对于政治风险忍受度较高,反而有助于其出口。此外,贸易伙伴国的人均收入与经济开放程度越高,对中国出口越有利。考虑空间固定效果,中国出口具有聚集现象。由于中国近年来出口贸易快速增长,贸易摩擦随之居高不下,因此中国出口的全球化布局,将有助于分散贸易风险,也有助于中国融入世界经济体系。     

Trade openness and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from Chinese cities

This paper examines the impact of economic growth and trade openness on environment in 261 Chinese cities over the period of 2004–2013, using recently developed continuously updated fully modified method which allows for both cross-sectional dependence and endogeneity. Two types of pollutants, industrial waste water and sulphur dioxide are investigated, and three measures of openness are employed in the regression. From the results, we find that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis holds not only for the whole China, but also in different regions. It is estimated that wastewater pollution increases with economic development until per capita GDP reaching the turning point of 42,991–48,828 yuan (in constant 2002 price), which varies depending on the specific measure of trade openness. The turning point for sulphur dioxide is found to occur at a much lower income level around 9,588–10,663 yuan per capita GDP. Furthermore, export is mostly found to be positively related with pollution and the impact of import is likely to be negative for both the whole China and across regions, if the significance is identified in the estimation results.     

国外金融发展影响收入不平等研究综述

金融发展对经济增长的积极推动作用已得到学术界的广泛认可,国外的大量研究进一步指出．金融发展通过实物资本投资、人力资本投资两大主要渠道对社会收入不平等产生影响。对文献的系统梳理和归纳将对促进我国经济增长及缓解收入差距提供理论依据,也对推动国内研究起到积极作用。     

调节收入差距的约束条件分析

当前,我国居民收入差距呈现出日益扩大的趋势,主要表现在城乡收入差距、地区收入差距、行业收入差距和农村居民收入差距等方面。尽快缩小收入分配差距,各级政府应加快落实收入分配制度改革的若干意见,通过落实按要素贡献分配的原则、完善税收调节分配制度、加强对垄断行业收入分配的控制、完善劳动力市场与社会保障制度,使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民。需要注意的问题是调节收入差距是有约束条件的。当前对于我国来说,其约束条件主要来自于全球化背景下的环境、经济收入以及我国还不是经济强国的制约和部分实体经济利润不高的负面影响。     

Impact of trade openness on GDP growth: Does TFP matter?

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to empirically explore the impact of trade openness on GDP growth initiating with the idea that trade openness cannot be fully characterized through the different openness measures only, we propose to account for total factor productivity (TFP) development level as an additional dimension of countries’ trade integration. Our empirical application is based on 35 years’ balanced panel of 82 countries spanning 1980–2014. To address the potential endogeneity issue, we use the system GMM estimator developed for dynamic panel data models. The results outline that there exists an interesting non-linear pattern between trade openness and GDP growth when TFP development level is taken as an intervening variable into account: trade may have a negative impact on GDP growth when countries have specialized in low-TFP development level; trade openness clearly boosts GDP growth once countries exhibit a minimum threshold of TFP development level. Therefore, there is some pattern of complementarity between trade openness and TFP development level so that the higher the TFP development level, the higher the impact of the trade openness on GDP growth.     

Impact of Openness on Growth in Different Country Groups

This paper evaluates the impact of openness on growth in different country groups using a panel of 79 countries over the period 1970–98. It distinguishes itself from many existing studies in three aspects: Firstly, both trade and FDI are included as measures of openness. Secondly, countries are classified into high‐, middle‐ and low‐income groups to compare the roles of trade and FDI in these groups. Thirdly, the possible problems of endogeneity and multicollinearity of trade and FDI are carefully dealt with in a panel data setting. The main findings are as follows. Total trade has a general positive impact on growth in all country groups, although the impact from imports is not significant in high‐income countries. FDI has a positive impact on growth in high‐ and middle‐income countries, but not in low‐income countries. With the existing absorptive capabilities, low‐income countries can benefit from both exports and imports, but not from FDI. These findings suggest that trade and FDI affect growth through different channels and under different conditions. The paper also discusses important policy implications.     

贸易开放提高了二氧化碳排放吗?——来自中国的证据

采用中国 1990—2010 年的省级面板数据,选取排放总量和碳强度作为二氧化碳排放指标,实证考察贸易开放对中国碳排放的影响,研究发现: ( 1) 贸易开放显著提高了碳排放,"向底线赛跑"假说揭示的环境负面效应强于贸易的环境收益效应。(2) 环境库兹涅茨曲线假说在中国成立,人均收入是影响碳排放的关键因素。( 3) 贸易开放的环境效应存在时空上的结构性差异,随着时间的推移,贸易开放对环境的负面效应有所减弱; 相对于内陆地区,贸易开放对沿海地区环境的负面效应要小。在分析实证结果背后原因的基础上,得出了相应的政策启示。