从华为诉摩托罗拉案看中国企业知识产权保护的海外战略

自中国加入WTO将近十年时间以来,有关知识产权的案件几乎成为中国企业的"死穴",在域外知识产权案件中被起诉必输的窘境也导致了中国企业为此支付了大量的赔偿金,中国企业主动发起知识产权诉讼的案例更是凤毛麟角。而今年年初发生在美国的华为诉摩托罗拉的案例则是中国企业在国外以保护知识产权为由起诉并最终获得实质性胜诉的第一案,有学者甚至称其为中国企业真正走出去的第一步。以这个案子为出发点,可以总结出中国企业在海外发展过程中应对知识产权诉讼的策略和以知识产权为武器保护自身企业利益的经验。     

How Effective are WTO Disciplines on Domestic Support and Market Access for Agriculture?

A new round of trade negotiations through the World Trade Organization (WTO) was launched in 2001. One of the major aims of the Doha Development Round is to reduce agricultural protection and impose greater discipline on domestic agricultural subsidies, particularly those that are the most trade distorting. In this article, we examine whether the proposed WTO modalities for agriculture will actually achieve this aim in Norway, which ranks among the top providers of government assistance for agriculture. Norway has a complex system of farm subsidies buttressed by substantial import protection. The extent to which its agricultural support policies will have to change in response to new WTO disciplines provides an important indication of how successful these are likely to be. We find that Norway will probably be able to sustain its current agricultural activity and production levels while staying within the new WTO rules. Following recent practice in some other WTO members, Norway will be able to reduce its notified support without making real changes in some of its programmes. However, there will have to be a shift from market price support, which is paid for by consumers through higher food prices, to budgetary support paid by taxpayers. This could generate increased domestic pressure for policy reform.     

解析欧盟韩国自由贸易协定

2011年7月1日欧盟韩国自由贸易协定生效实施。该协定成为各自经济体与贸易伙伴签署的最大的自由贸易协定。该协定既是双边密切经济关系的需要,也是各自实施FTA战略的结果。欧盟韩国自由贸易协定是迄今为止在全球范围很全面的贸易自由化协定,开放深度和广度远远超过世界贸易组织。欧盟韩国自由贸易协定的出现推动了区域经济一体化的进程。韩国目前在中日韩三国各自实施FTA战略上占据了有利的地位。     

上诉机构“停摆”之后的WTO争端解决机制何去何从

WTO争端解决机制自生效以来,以其高效的纠纷解决和具有约束力的裁决一直被认为是维护多边贸易体制的重要力量。尤其是争端解决中设立上诉机制,开创了国际争端解决两审终审的先例,这使得WTO体制下的争端解决与其他国际体制下的争端解决相比,更加凸显其公正性与有效性。然而,由于个别成员的阻挠,上诉机构于2019年12月10日因到期离任的成员不能够及时得到增补而陷于"停摆",无法继续受理上诉案件。上诉机构停止运作会给WTO的争端解决机制走向带来很大的不确定性,但是世贸组织争端解决机构不会停止工作,多边贸易体制也不会因此陷入崩溃。     

对中国"钢保措施"案件争议焦点的法律研究

2002年11月19日,我国政府为维护国内钢铁产业安全,“入世”后首次启动了钢铁保障措施例外救济措施,维护我国钢铁产业的安全,但却遭到了日本、韩国等其它WTO成员的广泛质疑。为更好地运用保障措施条款,维护我国产业安全,文章对日、韩等WTO成员也提出质疑以及我国钢铁保障措施案件的经验和教训。     

非WTO国际法规范适用于WTO文化贸易的可行性——以中美文化产品案的法律适用问题为视角

WTO法律体系不是一个封闭的法律怪圈,非WTO国际法规范在理论上具有适用于WTO案件的可能性与必要性,在实践中WTO争端解决机构也曾适用非WTO国际法规范解决成员方的贸易争端。适用的渊源包括一般法律原则和国际条约,适用的方式包括直接适用和"作为解释的证据和材料"。而中国在中美文化产品案中的败诉凸显出WTO的文化贸易立法不具自足性,无法保证成员有效维护本国文化主权。在WTO现有文化贸易立法之外,存在适用《文化多样性公约》等非WTO国际法规范的可行性。认识到这一点,对于处于国际文化贸易弱势地位的中国具有另辟蹊径的现实意义。     

Aggressive Legalism: The Rules of the WTO and Japan’s Emerging Trade Strategy

Over the course of the last decade there has been a significant change in Japan’s trade strategy, one that has remained seriously unappreciated for both its contents and its policy implications. The heart of this unfolding strategy is the active use of the legal rules in the treaties and agreements overseen by the WTO to counter what the Japanese government deems to be the unreasonable acts, requests, and practices of its major trade partners. To wit, the Japanese government is deliberately using both the procedural and substantive rules of the WTO to matter to the results and outcomes of major trade disputes involving Japan. And in a relatively short time, it has shown how these rules can be made to serve as both ‘shield’ and ‘sword’ in high‐profile trade disputes. This is the strategy that Japan has embraced as the principal means of dealing with its major trade partners, and it reveals much about both a new Japan and the power of international law.     

关于我国商业银行市场重新定位的分析

根据我国加入WTO的承诺 ,中国银行业将逐步全面开放。在此前提下 ,实施准确的市场定位策略对我国商业银行的生存而言是至关重要的。本文通过分析我国银行市场与银行市场定位的现状 ,从总体战略与具体策略两个方面提出了在全面开放的条件下我国商业银行市场定位的策略选择。     

韩国食品安全管理体系及进口食品监管制度简介

韩国作为我国主要的食品出口国之一,于1967年以发展中国家的身份加入GATT（WTO的前身）,在其市场开放的较长缓冲阶段中,充分利用WTO协定中允许的关税和市场准入数量管理手段的同时,在技术法规、标准、检验等方面采取有效的保护措施,把进口商品特别是农产品、水产品等对国内市场和产品的冲击减至最小程度。     

Patent Examination Quality and Litigation: Is There a Link?

Abstract

In this study, we use carefully constructed matched samples of litigated and non-litigated patents to investigate the characteristics that predict litigation. We define different control groups based on filing characteristics and value correlates (or both), and test the extent to which examination characteristics predict litigation. This paper is the first to use detailed examination characteristics to understand the resulting patent rights. By controlling (at least in part) for patent value, the estimation strategy has implications for the degree to which patent examination characteristics are correlated with uncertainty. We find that some examination characteristics predict litigation, but that the bulk of the predictive power in the model comes from filing characteristics.     

China’s growing conflict with the WTO

China is the leading exporter of rare earths, elements which are crucial to the development of high-tech products and new green technologies. In recent years, however, China has begun imposing export restraints on these elements in order to benefit its domestic economic development. This reduces global supply and thus artificially leads to higher prices for importing countries. The EU, the US and Japan have launched a formal complaint in the WTO against China’s export restrictions. China claims that these restrictions are aimed at environmental protection. This paper examines China’s rare earth policy and its compliance with WTO rules.     

中国诉美国对来自中国某些货物的关税措施(301条款)案评析

中国诉美国“301条款”关税措施案源起于美国根据其国内法出具的301调查结果而对中国采取的单边征税措施。专家组在报告中鼓励平行于WTO争端解决机制开展的双边谈判,认定美国违反了最惠国待遇义务且不能援引“公共道德”例外免责。作为中国诉美国关税系列案的第一案,本案对理解与适用GATT第20条的例外规定、DSU第12.7条和第23条的规定都具有极大的借鉴意义。在单边主义大行其道、WTO上诉机构瘫痪的背景下,面对美国滥用其301条款发起的种种挑战,中国如何运用国际法规则、尽善尽美地维护自身权益仍任重道远。     

2004 Trade Policy Review – The United States

Many of the findings of the seventh Trade Policy Review of the United States are similar to those reached in earlier reviews: the US is unanimously acknowledged as having an open and transparent system; the US economy has remained amongst the world's most competitive, and has continued to support global growth by keeping its import market largely open. This review finds, however, that the US has developed a disturbing pattern of non‐compliance with WTO rules. During the period of review the United States enacted policies, most notably the infamous Byrd Amendment and the 2001–02 steel safeguard action, that were found to be clear violations of its WTO obligations. Despite these and other such findings, the United States has obstinately refused to bring its domestic statutes in line with WTO rules. In addition, in recent years the United States’ aggressive pursuit of regional and bilateral initiatives has led many Members to question whether the United States is committed to the multilateral approach espoused by the WTO. Overall, despite the US's many virtues, Member countries expressed concern that the US's stated leadership of and commitment to the WTO is not matched by its actions.     

中国入世十年主动参与WTO争端解决机制实践述评

自2001年12月11日中国正式加入世界贸易组织以来的十年内,中国主动或被动地参与了WTO争端解决机制。本文首先对中国入世十年以来参与WTO争端解决的实践进行了总体评价,然后就中国入世十年来作为申诉方主动参与WTO争端解决案例做了述评。本文认为,入世十年来,中国在WTO争端解决诉讼上,基本维持着攻少守多但又不失均衡的状态。中国发起争端解决的案子主要集中在贸易救济领域,起诉案子的质量有待提高,需要各方更深入地发掘欧盟等国违反WTO规则的措施。     

中国稀土保卫战

长期以来,全球主要依赖中国出口稀土,中国的稀土储量已开始大幅下降。中国不仅需要对稀土出口进行限制,更应尽快建立稀土战略资源储备制度,强化稀土资源保护,夺回国际定价权。     

The WTO,the Environment and Health and Safety Standards

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a product of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO was created in the last round of negotiations (Uruguay Round, 1986‐94) to provide a stronger set of institutions to administer the various agreements negotiated under the GATT framework. Because the WTO is more powerful than its predecessors, critics claim that it poses a threat to national sovereignty. Concerns about the ability of nations to set their own environmental and health and safety agendas have figured prominently in these critiques. In addition, critics suggest that the WTO prioritises trade objectives at the expense of environmental and health and safety objectives. The article explores the extent to which the WTO has been able to reconcile trade, environmental and health and safety objectives by analysing its rulings on these matters. Overall, this analysis suggests that the WTO dispute resolution process has balanced all three sets of objectives. However, it is important to note the small number of disputes to date; only 21of the 175 disputes before the WTO involve environmental and health and safety matters. Further, the WTO has issued decisions in only six of these cases.     

US–Brazilian cotton policies

Brazil filed a lawsuit with the WTO against the United States for providing cotton production and export subsidies, and the WTO ruled in favour of Brazil. Brazil threatened to impose retaliatory tariffs if the United States does not comply with the WTO rulings. After a prolonged litigation stretching from 2002 to 2010, both countries agreed to a negotiated settlement wherein the United States paid Brazilian cotton producers to compensate for any adverse effects. This study develops a political economic model to theoretically analyse US cotton policies, Brazil's threat of retaliatory tariffs and the negotiated settlement between the two countries. The theoretical results show that the volume of cotton output, supply price response, politicians' apathy for the public welfare, elasticities of excess supply/demand and the magnitude of US transfers play a crucial role in determining US policies. This study contributes to the literature by being the first to model political economic aspects of the complex system of trade and domestic policies in the cotton industry using a three-country framework, tariff retaliation and transfers between the countries.     

韩国经济起飞的经验及其对中国的启示

韩国曾经是一个十分落后的农业国,然而经过战后30多年的发展,一跃跨入新型工业化国家的行列,创造了"江汉奇迹"。总结与借鉴韩国经济起飞的经验,提出中国走新型工业化道路的十六字方针:政府主导、教育为先、产业促进、自主创新。     

Trade skirmishes safeguards: A theory of the WTO dispute settlement process

I propose a framework within which to interpret and evaluate the major reforms introduced to the GATT system in its transition to the WTO. In particular, I examine the WTO Agreement on Safeguards that has amended the GATT escape clause (Article XIX), and the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) that resembles a court of law under the WTO. Using this framework, I interpret the weakening of the reciprocity principle under the Agreement on Safeguards as an attempt to reduce efficiency-reducing trade skirmishes. The DSB is interpreted as an impartial arbitrator that announces its opinion about the state of the world when a dispute arises among member countries. I demonstrate that the reforms in the GATT escape clause should be bundled with the introduction of the DSB, in order to maintain the incentive compatibility of trade agreements. The model implies that trade agreements under the WTO lead to fewer trade skirmishes but this effect does not necessarily result in higher payoffs to the governments. The model also implies that the introduction of the WTO court, which has no enforcement power, can improve the self-enforceability of trade agreements.     

中韩贸易中工业制品的比较优势及国际分工类型分析

中国正式加入WTO以后,其产业发展已进入按国际分工结构来选择和实施战略性调整的关键时期。本丈分析了中国对韩国出口工业制品的比较优势和中韩间在工业制品中产业内贸易发展的状况,指出了两国间产业国际分工的类型及特征。