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1.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
2.
This paper suggests a class of stochastic collective learning processes exhibiting very irregular behavior. In particular,
there are multimodal long run distributions. Some of these modes may vanish as the population size increases. This may be
thought of as “bubbles” persistent for a finite range of population sizes but disappearing in the limit. The limit distribution
proves to be a discontinuous function of parameters determining the learning process. This gives rise to another type of “bubbles”:
limit outcomes corresponding to small perturbations of parameters are different. Since an agent's decision rule involves imitation
of the majority choice in a random sample of other members of the population, the resulting collective dynamics exhibit “herding”
or “epidemic” features.
RID="*"
ID="*" We are grateful to two anonymous referees for the comments and suggestions.
Correspondence to: L. Gaio 相似文献
3.
Abstract. Enrollment rates to higher education reveal a quite large variation over time which cannot be explained by productivity shocks
alone. We develop a human capital investment model in an overlapping generations framework that features endogenous fluctuations
in the demand for education. Agents are heterogeneous in their beliefs about future wage differentials. An evolutionary competition
between the heterogeneous beliefs determines the fraction of the newborn generation having a certain belief. Costly access
to information on the returns to education induces agents to use potentially destabilizing backward looking prediction rules.
Only if previous generations experience regret about their human capital investment decisions, will agents choose a more sophisticated
prediction rule that dampens the cycle. Access to information becomes key for stable flows to higher education.
RID="*"
ID="*"We would like to thank Cars Hommes, Florian Wagener, seminar participants at the University of Amsterdam, participants
of the workshop on ‘Skill Needs and Labor Market Dynamics’ at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) for
helpful discussions, and an editor of this Journal and three anonymous referees for their comments. Tuinstra's research is
supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under a MaG-Pionier grant. Neugart acknowledges financial
support from the German Ministry of Education. Parts of the research were done while Tuinstra was visiting the WZB and when
Neugart was visiting CeNDEF.
Correspondence to: The research for this paper was done while the first author was affiliated with the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. 相似文献
4.
M. Fuat Şener 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):557-583
This paper constructs a general equilibrium model of equilibrium unemployment by combining an endogenous growth model with
a variant of equilibrium search theory. The analysis offers two explanations for the causes of widening wage gap between skilled
and less-skilled labor, and rising unemployment rate among the less skilled: technological change in the form of an increase
in the size of innovations or skilled labor saving technological change in R&D activity.
In addition, the model identifies two distinct effects of faster technological progress on the aggregate unemployment rate.
First, it increases the rate of labor turnover and therefore increases the aggregate unemployment rate – the creative destruction
effect. Second, it creates R&D jobs, which offer workers complete job security, and consequently reduces the aggregate unemployment
rate – the resource reallocation effect. 相似文献
5.
In modeling expectation formation, economic agents are usually viewed as forming expectations adaptively or in accordance
with some rationality postulate. We offer an alternative nonlinear model where agents exchange their opinions and information
with each other. Such a model yields multiple equilibria, or attracting distributions, that are persistent but subject to
sudden large jumps. Using German Federal Statistical Office economic indicators and German IFO Poll expectational data, we
show that this kind of model performs well in simulation experiments. Focusing upon producers' expectations in the consumption
goods sector, we also discover evidence that structural change in the interactive process occurred over the period of investigation
(1970–1998). Specifically, interactions in expectation formation seem to have become less important over time.
RID="*"
ID="*"We would like to thank Ulrich Witt, Director of the Evolutionary Economics Unit, The Max Planck Institute for Research
into Economic Systems, Jena, Germany, for providing the intellectual stimulus for this project and arranging the necessary
financial support from the Max Planck Society to facilitate our collaboration. Thanks are also due to the IFO Institute for
providing the data for this study. However, the usual caveat applies. 相似文献
6.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
7.
Maria Luiza Falcão Silva Joaquim Pinto de Andrade Thomas S. Torrance 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):109-129
Recently a number of emerging economies, with high inflation and various kinds of imbalances have experienced what has come
to be referred to as dollarization– the phenomenon of currency substitution where the dollar gradually replaces the national currency in the performance of
its fundamental functions. The phenomenon is most commonly encountered as a component of the exchange-rate-based stabilization
programs implemented in a number of emerging economies in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East. The fundamental issue we
want to explore is whether this process forces the monetary authorities of emerging economies to act with their hands tied,
as if caught in a trap. It is argued that when the expansion of liquidity and domestic credit is determined by the quantity
of foreign-exchange reserves, an independent monetary policy vanishes and national sovereignty itself is shackled. Since this
scenario typically occurs in a world of increasing globalization of finance, this paper also discusses (with reference to
emerging economies) the risks and implications of capital inflows for macroeconomic policy autonomy, economic instability,
and vulnerability to external shocks. 相似文献
8.
Eyüp Özveren 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):49-65
This paper evaluates Schumpeter's grand vision as reflected in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, and elaborates it in conjunction with the so-called “globalization” trends characteristic of the wake of the twenty-first
century. In addition to the evolutionary nature of his methodology, the institutionalist dimension of Schumpeter's definitions
are brought to light. A case is made for a fundamental process of “uncreative destruction” as far as the institutional setup
of the economy is concerned. The contention of this paper is that there is ample support in Schumpeterian analysis for a counterpoint
to the liberal thesis that envisages the worldwide spread of individualism, market economies, and democratic forms of government. 相似文献
9.
Richard Baron Jacques Durieu Hans Haller Philippe Solal 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(5):563-575
We consider best response dynamics with endogenous noise based on a finite game in strategic form. A player can reduce the
noise level by expending an extra effort and incurring some disutility or control costs. We specify control costs that result
in logit adjustment rules. The stochastically stable states of the dynamic process are partial Nash configurations, that is,
states where at least one player plays a best response against the others. If the game has a potential, then the stochastically
stable states coincide with the Nash equilibria on which the potential is maximized.
RID="*"
ID="*" Instructive comments of a referee are gratefully acknowledged.
Correspondence to:H. Haller 相似文献
10.
G.M. Peter Swann 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):59-75
This paper studies the demand for a distinction good – the prestige car – and examines how this demand for distinction influences
the evolution of the product. We focus on two very different sorts of distinction car: the Rolls Royce and the Ferrari. These
two examples help us to articulate two polar approaches to the demand for distinction: distinction through antiquity and distinction
through novelty. The paper sets out a model of the demand for distinction, and uses it to describe two trajectories along
which the prestige car – and the demand for it – may evolve. 相似文献
11.
Morris Teubal 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):233-257
Despite recent advances in the Evolutionary and Systems Perspectives to Economic Change (SI), confusion still exists about
how to apply it to the design and implementation of Innovation & Technology Policy (ITP) in concrete settings. Since the ‘Normative’
aspects of SI are framed in terms so general to make them insufficient or inadequate as guides and tools for actual policymaking,
a presumption exists that additional theoretical and conceptual knowledge is required. Thus a major objective of this paper is to contribute to the development of a realistic and ‘grounded’ theoretical
framework for Technology and Innovation Policy which is particularly relevant both for the promotion of Business Sector R&D
and of hi tech (especially IT) industries in Top Tier and other Industrializing Economies. A second objective is to contribute
directly to the capability of successfully applying this conceptual framework in concrete policy settings. Rather than justifying
ITP the paper focuses on characterising and applying “Salient Normative Principles or Themes” of the SI perspective to ITP. Several concrete examples are given and the notions of Policy Process,
(Country) Program Portfolio Profile and Policy Environment are introduced. 相似文献
12.
Summary. This paper discusses and develops “non-welfaristic” arguments on distributive justice à la J. Rawls and A. K. Sen, and formalizes,
in cooperative production economies, “non-welfaristic” distribution rules as game form types of resource allocation schemes.
First, it conceptualizes Needs Principle which the distribution rule should satisfy if this takes individuals' needs into
account. Second, one class of distribution rules which satisfy Needs Principle, a class of J-based Capability Maximum Rules, is proposed. Third, axiomatic characterizations of the class of J-based Capability Maximum Rules are provided.
Received: July 30, 1999; revised version: March 11, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" We are grateful to an anonymous referee of this journal, Professors Marc Fleurbaey, Nicolas Gravel, Ryo-ichi Nagahisa,
Prasanta Pattanaik, Kotaro Suzumura, Koich Tadenuma, and Yongsheng Xu for their fruitful comments. An earlier version of this
paper was published with the title name, “A Game Form Approach to Theories of Distributive Justice: Formalizing Needs Principle”
as the Discussion Paper No. 407 of the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, and in the proceedings
of the International Conference on Logic, Game, and Social Choice held at Oisterwijk in May 1999. That version was also presented
at the 3rd Decentralization Conference in Japan held at Hitotsubashi University in September 1997, at the annual meeting of
the Japan Association of Economics and Econometrics held at Waseda University in September 1997, and the 4th International
Conference of Social Choice and Welfare held at University of British Colombia in July 1998. This research was partially supported
by the Japanese Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Correspondence to: N. Yoshihara 相似文献
13.
Joïlle Noailly Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh Cees A. Withagen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):183-200
Abstract. Economic theories of managing renewable resources, such as fisheries and forestry, traditionally assume that individual harvesters
are perfectly rational and thus able to compute the harvesting strategy that maximizes their discounted profits. The current
paper presents an alternative approach based on bounded rationality and evolutionary mechanisms. It is assumed that individual
harvesters face a choice between two harvesting strategies. The evolution of the distribution of strategies in the population
is modeled through a replicator dynamics equation. The latter captures the idea that strategies yielding above average profits
are demanded more than strategies yielding below average profits, so that the first type ends up accounting for a larger part
in the population. From a mathematical perspective, the combination of resource and evolutionary processes leads to complex
dynamics. The paper presents the existence and stability conditions for each steady-state of the system and analyzes dynamic
paths to the equilibrium. In addition, effects of changes in prices are analyzed. A main result of the paper is that under
certain conditions both strategies can survive in the long-run.
Correspondence to: J. Noailly 相似文献
14.
Sung Jin Kang 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(4):425-441
Controlling for capital accumulation from per capita income growth, this paper shows robust scale effects on total factor
productivity growth. The estimated speeds of technology catching up are around 2 percent per year. In addition, the empirical
analysis confirms the catching up theory, in which the initial relative backwardness and policy variables conducive to technology
adoption are statistically significant.
RID="*"
ID="*" This is a revised part of Ph.D. thesis at Stanford University. I would like to thank the committee members, Charles
I. Jones, Anne O. Krueger, and Paul Romer as well as Ronald Findlay, Ronald I. Mckinnon, Yasuyuki Sawada, Robert Sinclair,
a referee and seminar participants at Stanford University, the Pacific Rim Allied Economic Organizations Conference, the East
Asian Economic Association Conference, and the 8th World Congress. 相似文献
15.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
16.
The artificial context “Target the Two” has been used in experiments to explore some of the features of routinization and
learning. Two agents must learn to coordinate their actions to achieve a common goal, without being allowed to use verbal
communication. This article reports an experiment, in which we compare the degree of routinization and the performance of
players in two treatments. Each treatment submits players to the same sequence of starting configurations, but differs in
terms of the payoff function. In the first treatment (A), the payoff is based on the number of moves required to achieve the
goal, whereas in the second treatment (B) the payoff depends on the time required for completion. We observe that (1) in treatment B subjects tend to play in a more “routinized” way and (2) treatment B reduces the time spent on play, but does not decrease the resources (the number of moves) used, relative to treatment A. 相似文献
17.
Evolutionary economics and economic geography 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
This article attempts to explore how key notions from Evolutionary Economics, such as selection, path-dependency, chance and increasing returns, may be applied to two key topics in Economic Geography. The first issue is the problem of how to specify the (potential)
impact of the spatial environment on new variety in terms of technological change. Evolutionary thinking may be useful to
describe and explain: (1) the process of localized `collective' learning in a regional context, (2) the adjustment problems
that regions may be confronted with in a world of increasing variation, and (3) the spatial formation of newly emerging industries
as an evolutionary process, in which the spatial connotation of increasing returns (that is, agglomeration economies) may result in a spatial lock-in. The second issue is the problem of how new variety may affect the long-term evolution of the spatial system. We distinguish
three approaches that, each in a different way, apply evolutionary notions to the nature of spatial evolution. This is strongly
related to the issue whether mechanisms of chance and increasing returns, rather than selection and path-dependency, lay at the root of the spatial evolution of new technology. 相似文献
18.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
19.
Knowledge, consumption, and endogenous growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard N. Langlois 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):77-93
In neoclassical theory, knowledge generates increasing returns – and therefore growth – because it is a public good that
can be costlessly reused once created. In fact, however, much knowledge in the economy is actually tacit and not easily transmitted
–and thus not an obvious source of increasing returns. Several writers have responded to this alarming circumstances by affirming
hopefully that knowledge today is increasingly codified, general, and abstract – and increasingly less tacit. This paper disputes
such a trend. But all is not lost: for knowledge does not have to be codified to be reused and therefore to generate economic
growth. 相似文献
20.
Summary. We prove existence of a competitive equilibrium in a version of a Ramsey (one sector) model in which agents are heterogeneous
and gross investment is constrained to be non negative. We do so by converting the infinite-dimensional fixed point problem
stated in terms of prices and commodities into a finite-dimensional Negishi problem involving individual weights in a social
value function. This method allows us to obtain detailed results concerning the properties of competitive equilibria. Because
of the simplicity of the techniques utilized our approach is amenable to be adapted by practitioners in analogous problems
often studied in macroeconomics.
Received: September 13, 2001; revised version: December 9, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" We are grateful to Tapan Mitra for pointing out errors as well as making very valuable suggestions. Thanks are due
to Raouf Boucekkine and Jorge Duran for additional helpful discussions. We also thank an anonymous referee for his/her helpful
comments. The second author acknowledges the financial support of the Belgian Ministry of Scientific Research (Grant ARC 99/04-235
“Growth and incentive design”) and of the Belgian Federal Goverment (Grant PAI P5/10, “Equilibrium theory and optimization
for public policy and industry regulation”).
Correspondence to: C. Le Van 相似文献