美国贸易逆差:增长惯性与可持续性

美国的经常项目逆差特别是贸易逆差“历史悠久”,尤其是近年来高速增长,已引起人们广泛的关注。本文作者认为:20世纪90年代以来的美国贸易逆差已很难单从汇率、贸易政策及产品竞争力等单个变量来加以解释。通过运用滞后一年的时间数列相关分析及回归分析,本文得出的结论是:当期美国贸易逆差是前期美国贸易逆差的惯性增长,并且只要美国资本与金融账户的盈余足够冲抵贸易逆差,美国的贸易逆差便具有可持续性。针对近期美国人制造的“人民币升值论”,结合近十年来中美双边贸易现实,说明美国贸易逆差与人民币汇率之间没有必然联系,人民币升值也不可能改善美国的贸易收支状况。     

人民币实际汇率波动对我国贸易收支的影响——基于非对称协整的实证分析

基于1994年1月至2009年4月的数据,采用较新的非对称协整技术,实证考察人民币实际汇率与我国贸易收支之间的变动关系。研究发现,长期中,马歇尔-勒纳条件在我国成立;短期内,J曲线效应在我国存在;人民币汇率与贸易收支间存在非对称协整关系。其中,相对于出现过大的贸易顺差,如果出现贸易赤字,贸易收支恢复长期均衡状态的调整过程较为缓慢。据此认为,相对于出现贸易顺差,当前更应关注外贸不利冲击对我国经济所造成的负面影响。     

中国货币替代现象的VEC模型:1994-2005

随着人民币汇率制度改革的进行和资本账户开放进程的加快,中国的货币替代现象理当引起我们更大的关注.本文通过建立货币替代的VEC模型对中国的货币替代程度及其影响因素之间的关系作了动态分析,最后得出人民币名义有效汇率在长期和短期内都是影响中国货币替代的主要因素,名义有效汇率的频繁波动会造成货币替代乃至货币需求的不稳定.因此加快人民币汇率制度改革、降低美元在人民币汇率盯住篮子中的比重就显得尤为重要了.     

汇率风险和中国产业的国际竞争

在新发展格局下，现代产业发展更加注重发展和安全的平衡。本文采用2005—2018年的数据分析了中国各行业面临的汇率风险暴露和国外产业竞争。研究发现：中国有426%的行业面临汇率风险暴露，资源品行业受到汇率冲击的影响最为严重，可贸易品行业受益于人民币兑美元贬值，但汇率的敏感性远低于日美贸易战时期。中国有389%的行业面临来自美国的产业竞争，产业支持政策在一定程度上增强了中国产业的竞争力。除美国外，中国的产业竞争主要来自英国、法国等欧洲发达国家。在此基础上，讨论了后疫情时代企业国际化的困难和应对。本文的研究对于汇率风险管理和产业政策制定有重要的参考价值。     

基于贸易收支数据的美国贸易逆差与美元汇率相互关系研究

通过选择美国与中国、日本、加拿大、英国和欧元区11国等美国主要贸易伙伴的双边贸易数据作为样本,研究美国的双边贸易逆差与美元汇率之间的关系.实证分析表明,美国对主要贸易伙伴国的双边贸易收支与美元汇率没有实质性联系.美国逼迫其它货币升值没有也不能缓解美国的贸易逆差问题,同样,美国逼迫人民币升值也不能缓解美中双边贸易失衡问题.     

人民币升值能解决美国对华贸易赤字吗?——基于1994～2005年间月度数据的贸易弹性分析

文章以1994年1月到2005年3月的月度数据为样本,用ARDL框架下的协整方法,对中美贸易的收入弹性和实际汇率弹性进行了经验分析。分析后发现:第一,我国对美进出口的收入弹性都是显著的,并且我国对美国出口的收入弹性约为我国从美进口的收入弹性的6倍,但是我国对美进口和出口的实际汇率弹性都是不显著的。因此,文章认为人民币汇率对中美贸易没有显著影响,人民币汇率升值将无法改善美国的对华贸易收支。     

Possible Best Currency Basket Selection from the Perspective of Real Effective Exchange Rate

We calculated the real effective exchange rate indexes and measured their volatilities based on four currency baskets to find which currency basket is optimal for achieving China's policy target of keeping exchange rates stable. The volatility of the bilateral exchange rate between the RMB and the US dollar is also calculated to make a comparative analysis. Results showed that the bilateral exchange rate of the RMB and the US dollar is only stable in special time periods. In most time periods, pegging to the G3 currency basket is optimal to achieve the goal of stabilizing exchange rates while pegging to the AMU currency basket will result in the most volatile exchange rates.     

A monetary model of China–US trade relations

This paper develops a general equilibrium monetary model to study China–US trade relations. The model captures two main features of China–US trade: China's fixed exchange rate regime and the use of the US dollar as the international medium of exchange. The main conclusions of this paper are threefold. First, an improvement in the productivity of China's tradable sector would benefit both China and the US. Second, a RMB appreciation would reduce consumption in the US and increase consumption in China, and would likely reduce China's trade surplus. It would also lead to a contraction in China's tradable sector and an expansion in US's tradable sector. Third, a monetary expansion in the US would hurt China because it would lead to a transfer of wealth from China to the US, a fall in China's relative wage rate and terms of trade, and an artificial expansion in China's tradable sector. A US monetary expansion would also increase China's trade surplus.     

参考一篮子货币的人民币汇率形成机制研究——基于人民币有效汇率目标的分析

文章主要研究如何建立参考一篮子货币的汇率制度,首先分析了人民币对美元汇率、人民币对非美元货币和人民币有效汇率之间的关系。其次研究了从人民币钉住美元货币汇率向参考一篮子货币汇率制度(人民币有效汇率目标)的过渡,以及建立一篮子货币汇率机制的方法和实证模拟研究,并考察了人民币汇率的波动幅度。最后文章认为人民币汇率制度的市场化改革是我国汇率体制改革的最终目标,并给出了本文的主要结论。     

固定汇率、浮动汇率下中国经济政策——人民币升值对我国进出口贸易的影响分析

在当前国内外经济环境不佳的情况下,中美两国就人民币汇率升值问题争议不断。1994年以来中国实行人民币汇率制度改革,在人民币持续升值情况下,并未缓解中美贸易不平衡和减少美国的贸易逆差,中央政府基于国家发展水平就未来货币政策的选择上处于两难境地,期望建立健全"参考一篮子货币进行调节,以市场供求为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率"机制,保持人民币汇率相对稳定,减轻人民币升值对中国经济增长的影响。     

中国对外贸易失衡的影响因素*——基于贸易增加值（TiVA）测算数据的实证分析

中国持续对外贸易顺差引起了学者们的广泛关注。然而现有文献大都基于传统贸易统计方法，没有考虑全球价值链背景下中间品多次跨越国界的重复计算问题，无法反映中国真实的贸易顺差水平。本文基于WIOD数据库1995-2011年的数据，采用投入产出领域的贸易增加值（TiVA）方法，测算出中国与38个贸易伙伴之间的增加值贸易顺差，并对其影响因素进行了实证分析。研究发现，中国加入WTO之前人民币汇率升值对贸易顺差的影响较小而且不显著，而加入WTO之后，人民币汇率升值可以有效降低中国的贸易顺差。在华FDI总额对贸易顺差的影响呈现出相似的特点，即加入WTO之前，总体FDI不显著，加入之后影响显著。FDI来源地区分析显示，美国和亚洲四小龙在中国内地FDI增加可以显著提升中国内地的贸易顺差，而日本和德国在华FDI则会降低中国内地的贸易顺差。     

人民币实际汇率波动对我国进出口的影响:1994—2003

Marshall Lerner(ML)条件成立与否,是一国制定汇率政策的重要依据。在人民币面临巨大升值压力时,重新对ML条件进行检验对于我国货币当局制定汇率政策有重要的指导意义。本文运用协整向量自回归(cointegratingVAR)的分析方法,对1 994—2 0 0 3年人民币对世界主要货币的加权实际汇率波动与我国进出口之间的长期关系进行了实证检验。结果表明,人民币实际汇率波动对我国进出口存在着显著的影响,ML条件成立;人民币实际汇率波动对进出口的影响存在J曲线效应。     

固定汇率体系下的货币政策:对未来中国货币政策的探讨

Using a macro dynamic model that is specified for the current Chinese economy, we investigate the monetary policy in China under the assumption that the capital market was “open” under WTO frame-work while the exchange rate was fixed. Our purpose here is to find whether it is possible for China in this case to keep the effective monetary policy for stabilizing the domestic economy. For this, we suggest some institutional arrangements (or restrictions). Given these institutional restrictions, we find that not only the monetary policy can still be effective but also the fixed exchange regime will strengthen the macroeconomic stability shared by both the domestic economy and the economy of its trade partners. The dynamic analysis of the model further shows that the under-valued RMB is necessary for the target exchange rate to be sustainable. Finally, due to the import pattern of the current Chinese economy, RMB appreciation will not help to resolve the trade deficit problem in the Western economy with respect to China.      

实际外部财富、劳动生产率与人民币实际汇率——基于跨期一般均衡理论的实证研究

本文首先构建关于实际外部财富、劳动生产率、贸易条件与实际汇率关系的跨时一般均衡理论模型,然后利用1981-2009年相关时间序列数据,检验中国实际外部财富、贸易条件以及国内外两部门劳动生产率对人民币实际汇率的影响。结果表明,从长期看,中国实际外部财富的急剧攀升会引发人民币实际汇率快速升值;中国贸易部门相对非贸易部门劳动生产率上升会促使人民币实际汇率升值,而国外贸易部门相对非贸易部门的劳动生产率提高则会降低人民币实际汇率,净效应表现为劳动生产率并不能解释20世纪80年代以来人民币实际汇率的长期波动;中国贸易条件对人民币实际汇率的影响不明显。短期内,中国实际外部财富对人民币实际汇率的作用关系与长期一致。根据上述结论,本文提出了保持人民币实际汇率相对稳定的政策建议。     

汇率制度能影响外汇市场压力和央行干预吗

按照Stavarek（2007）的方法和标准,分别计算了2002年1月到2011年12月期间人民币对美元的外汇市场压力及中央银行干预指数。结果显示,人民币实行参考一篮子货币的汇率制度与盯住美元的汇率制度相比,不仅没有减轻外汇市场压力,反而加大了外汇干预压力。汇率制度不是影响外汇市场压力的决定因素,但不同的汇率制度却对我国央行外汇市场干预程度产生了较大的影响。在人民币实行参考一篮子货币的汇率制度下,央行干预程度明显降低,汇率决定的市场化程度相应提高。     

人民币汇率制度改革的绩效与走向

由于内外部的压力,我国人民币汇率制度自2005年7月21日开始实行改革,2006年12月初,人民币兑美元升值超过5%。但是人民币的升值并没有改变中美贸易不平衡的现状,对我国经济的负面影响不大,对国内物价水平的影响也较小。总体来说,人民币汇率改革对我国长期经济发展是有利的,它是一个长期的、循序渐进的改革过程,需要摸着石头过河,任何急躁、冒进的想法和做法都是不切实际的。     

Why does the peso-dollar exchange rate show a depreciation trend? The role of productivity differentials

Over the last three decades, Mexico's macroeconomic policy has been driven by a sound orthodox strategy: an open economy via many trade agreements signed since the mid-1980s, a nominal exchange rate under a flexible regime since 1994, central bank autonomy, and responsible fiscal policy, among other benchmarks. Nevertheless, the exchange rate has continued on a path of depreciation against the US dollar. In this paper, we show that although an equilibrium relationship exists between the exchange rate and prices in Mexico and the US (its main commercial partner), there are other forces affecting the former. The main factor in this relentless long-term depreciation is the loss of productivity in Mexico relative to the US. In addition, we show that the extraordinary liquidity supplied by the US during the 2008 crisis caused the Mexican peso to appreciate against the dollar.     

NEW ESTIMATION OF CHINA'S EXCHANGE RATE REGIME

Abstract. The present paper updates the question: what precisely is the exchange rate regime that China has put into place since 2005, when it announced a move away from the US dollar peg? Is it a basket anchor with the possibility of cumulatable daily appreciations, as was announced at the time? We apply to this question a new approach of estimating countries’ de facto exchange rate regimes, a synthesis of two techniques. One is a technique that has been used in the past to estimate implicit de facto currency weights when the hypothesis is a basket peg with little flexibility. The second is a technique used to estimate the de facto degree of exchange rate flexibility when the hypothesis is an anchor to the US dollar or some other single major currency. Because the RMB and many other currencies today purportedly follow variants of band‐basket‐crawl, it is important to have available a technique that can cover both dimensions, inferring weights and inferring flexibility. The synthesis adds a variable representing ‘exchange market pressure’ to the currency basket equation, whereby the degree of flexibility is estimated at the same time as the currency weights. This approach reveals that by mid‐2007, the RMB basket had switched a substantial part of the US dollar's weight onto the euro. The implication is that the appreciation of the RMB against the US dollar during this period was due to the appreciation of the euro against the dollar, not to any upward trend in the RMB relative to its basket.     

DOES APPRECIATION OF THE RENMINBI DECREASE IMPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES FROM CHINA?

In 2005, China abated its fixed exchange rate against the U.S. dollar and began to appreciate the Renminbi (RMB). In this paper, I explore the effect of the appreciation of the RMB on imports to the United States from China by augmenting the gravity model with the exchange rate. Using an industrial panel data set during the period 2002–2008 and controlling for the endogeneity of the bilateral exchange rate, this extensive empirical analysis suggests that the appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar significantly reduced imports to the United States from China. This finding is robust to a variety of econometric methods and to coverage in different periods. (JEL F1, F2)     

The Political Cause of the Movement of RMB Exchange Rate：A Research Based on the Spillover Effects of US Political Cycle

Movement of the renminbi (RMB) exchange rate is not only affected by economic factors, but also by political factors home and aboard. This paper analyzes the transmission mechanism of political cycles on the RMB exchange rate first, and then sets up a “political cycle spillover effect model” followed by an empirical analysis. We find that: (1) the US political cycle has a direct effect on the RMB exchange rate in the short run, which is mainly transmitted by capital flows and China’s exchange rate policy control; (2) the RMB exchange rate changes periodically in accordance with the US presidential election and midterm election cycle, with the appreciation ratio significantly lower in the first year of the election cycle, while significantly higher in the year after the midterm election; (3) The effect of the political cycle will not be affected by which party holds power, though it will be affected if the president and parliament are ruled by the same party. This paper not only extends the research of the influencing factors of the RMB exchange rate to the political field, but also sets up a use theoretical model to analyze the impact of political issues on the RMB exchange rate, providing a new perspective to fully understand the external environment of RMB exchange rate reform.