Long-run Relationships Between World Vegetable Oil Prices

In the international edible oil markets, there is believed to be high substitutability between vegetable oils and fats produced under different conditions. In light of this, we consider the question: what is the nature of the long-run relationships between vegetable oil prices? Long-run co-movements among oil prices are analysed, based on a multivariate cointegration model. The empirical finding is that most co-movements are consistent with the predictions of market theory. Prices of oils tend to be grouped according to their different end-uses. Some policy implications of a buffer stock scheme are discussed.     

Toward a consumer economy in China: implications of changing wage policies for U.S. cotton exports

The effect of a Chinese minimum wage increase on China's textile market as well as on the world cotton market is evaluated. Based on a Nonlinear Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (NQAIDS) model of China's textile demand, the results suggest that the income elasticity for textiles is around 0.6 in China, and that apparel is less price responsive than home textiles and other textile products. Simulation results suggest that a minimum wage increase would raise Chinese domestic textile consumption and lower Chinese textile exports. Most of the decline in textile exports by China is offset by expansion in other countries’ domestic textile production and results in a slight increase in world cotton mill utilization and higher clothing prices.     

THE IMPACT OF FARM AND PROCESSING RESEARCH ON THE AUSTRALIAN WOOL INDUSTRY*

An equilibrium displacement model of the world wool top industry is used to estimate the returns to the Australian wool industry from productivity improvements in farm production, in top making and in textile manufacturing. The returns to the industry from these different types of research and development are sensitive to the extent of substitution possibilities between Australian wool and other inputs used by the wool processing and textile industries but it appears that research resources have to be much more efficient in off-farm activities for the Australian wool industry to receive benefits similar to those from farm research activities.     

论明清时期松江府的农业发展及其地位——以粮食生产和供应为中心的考察

明清时期，松江府是全国的棉纺织业中心，长期以来人们往往强调这是人口和重赋双重压力下的产物。同时，发达的棉纺织业使这里的经济结构发生了巨大的变化。本文考察明清松江府人地资源的配置比例和粮食的生产和供应后指出，发达的棉纺织业并非人口和重赋双重压力下的产物，粮食生产的基础性并未动摇，商品经济虽然发达，但自然经济瓦解的程度是非常有限的。     

我国纺织业企业环境会计信息披露研究

从在沪深交易所上市的38家纺织业公司中随机挑选10家企业作为样本,研究样本企业近10年来环境会计信息披露的状况,进而探寻纺织行业对于环境会计信息披露的走向如何。针对存在的披露的环境信息格式不统一,信息使用者无法进行合理对比;部分纺织业企业管理层对环境保护不够重视,披露的环境信息,采取的环保措施较少;信息使用者难以判断公示的环境信息的可靠性;有关纺织业非上市公司的污染情况获取难度较大等问题,从企业内外部两个角度提出了实时跟进环境监控体系、增强企业周边公众的环保意识等建议。     

Did China Hurt the Textiles and Clothing Exports of Other Asian Economies, 1990–2005?

Employing a gravity model, this article examines the impact of the rise of China's textile and clothing (T&C) sector on the exports of its Asian counterparts. It was established that China's textile exports posed a greater competitive threat than its clothing exports to the T&C exports of other Asian economies. It was also found that higher-income Asian economies fared better than their lower-income counterparts. This is because the higher-income Asian economies tended to be specialized in segments of the T&C sector less exposed to Chinese competition.     

洞庭湖区产业结构变化对生态环境的影响评价

人类产业经济活动对生态环境的影响是目前区域可持续发展关注的重大问题。利用不同产业的生态环境影响指数(RCIIISNE)和综合评价指数(ECIIISD),分析洞庭湖区2001~2010年产业结构变化对生态环境的影响。结果表明:(1)产业结构变化的RCIIISNE值呈现出持续上升趋势,与GDP呈正相关性,对生态环境的干扰与影响程度处于中等状态,年均RCIIISNE值为3.4053,接近较重状态。(2)第二产业占主导地位的结构形势对RCIIISNE值影响最大,而第三产业占主导地位的影响最小。(3)产业结构变化的ECIIISD值有所降低的是种植业和纺织业,其余23个产业类型的ECIIISD值均有上升;ECIIISD值和EPC值都较高的产业只有竹木工艺加工业、批发和零售业和旅游住宿餐饮业,表明产业发展的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益三者不相协调。     

PROFITABILITY OF INCREMENTAL EXPENDITURE ON FIBRE PROMOTION

In this paper the impact of changes in wool promotion expenditure and changes in expenditure on the promotion of competing fibres are examined using an equilibrium displacement model. The emphasis is on examining impacts on producer profits net of promotion expenditure and on benefit-cost ratios measuring changes in producer surplus relative to changes in promotion expenditure. It was found, for example, that incremental expenditure on apparel wool promotion on the domestic market is unprofitable but incremental expenditure on promotion of apparel wool on the export market is generally profitable. Further, it was found that increased promotion of cotton and man-made fibres on the export market, with promotion of apparel wool unchanged, would reduce profits to apparel wool producers. Finally, a case is made for improved data availability in order to allow more comprehensive ex-ante and ex-post evaluations of promotion programs, thereby increasing the intensity of scrutiny of promotion programs to a level more in line with that for investment in rural research and development.     

Botswana: Poverty amid plenty

This paper uses the technological capabilities framework for examining differences in technological intensities and economic performance between foreign and local food and beverage, and textile and garment firms and metal engineering firms in Kenya. Foreign firms had statistically significant higher labour productivity means than local firms in textile and garment manufacturing. Foreign firms were also more export- and technology-intensive than local firms in textile and garment (process technology and R&D) and metal engineering (HR). Foreign firms had higher and statistically significant skills and overall technology (TI) means than local firms in food and beverages. The econometric exercise showed that foreign ownership had a statistically significant and positive relationship with overall technological and HR intensities. In labour productivity, the coefficient of TI was higher in the foreign firms' sample than in the local firms' sample. Local firms had higher value added in domestic than export markets. Export intensity had a positive relationship in the process technology regressions, but an inverse relationship in the HR regressions in the foreign firms' sample. Overall, the statistically significant results suggest that foreign firms' technology, productivity and export intensity levels in economies with weak institutions tend to be superior to local firms.     

Liberalization and labour: The fate of retrenched workers in the cotton textile industry in India

Abstract

In 1991 the Indian government began to tread seriously the path of liberalization. It started to open up the economy, discuss the privatization of the public sector, invite foreign investment and reform the labour market. Liberalization has proved to be highly controversial. While there has been considerable debate about the consequences for labour, there have been few empirical studies of the effects so far. This paper intends to address this lacuna by focusing on the case of retrenched workers in the cotton textile industry. Our argument is fourfold. First, it cannot be assumed that the informal sector can readily absorb a sudden localized surge in unemployment. Second, even where retrenched workers have found employment in the informal sector, their conditions of employment in terms of wages, working hours, health and safety and representation are likely to be worse. Third, the National Renewal Fund has not been effective as a social safety‐net for retrenched workers nor as a mechanism for regenerating industry. Finally, it cannot be assumed that the trade unions will be able to negotiate a satisfactory deal for redundant workers. These points are explored through an investigation into retrenched workers in the cotton textile mills of Ahmedabad, Gujarat state.     

美洲原产作物的引种栽培及其对中国农业生产结构的影响

美洲作物之引种中国大多发生在明清时期，其中既有玉米、番薯、马铃薯这样重要的粮食作物，也有花生、向日葵一类油料作物；既有番茄、辣椒、菜豆、番石榴、番荔枝等蔬菜果树，也有烟草、陆地棉这样的嗜好作物和衣被原料，总数接近30种。虽然它们传入时有先后、途径不一，但在不长的时间中获得了相当快的发展，不少在今天的作物构成中占据举足轻重的地位。究其原因，与明清以来人口激增导致的人地矛盾加剧及市场经济的发展有着密切的关系。美洲作物的传播与发展不仅满足了日益增长的人口的生存需求，适应了人们对营养和享受多方面的需要，对充分用地和养地，提高农业生产效率也发挥了积极的促进作用。     

China's Accession to the World Trade Organization: What Is at Stake for Agricultural Markets?

We analyze the impact of China's accession to the World Trade Organization on major crop and livestock markets using the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) modeling framework. We incorporate expected changes in consumer income, textile production, and trade policies as exogenous shocks to the baseline model. Following accession, revenues decline in China's livestock, grain, and oilseed industries, while cotton production prospers despite increased imports. Chinese consumers benefit from lower food prices, with vegetable oil, dairy, and meat consumption increasing significantly. Argentina, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, and the United States are the greatest beneficiaries from expanded agricultural trade with China.     

SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN WOOLS OF DIFFERENT FIBRE DIAMETER1

The extent to which wools with different fibre characteristics can be substituted in textile production and consumption holds implications for Australia's international and domestic marketing policies. An analysis of price-induced substitution between Australian wools of different fibre diameters was conducted. Fibre diameter was used to parameterise cross-price relationships in order to estimate a system of demand equations for wools by diameter class. The results indicate that direct substitution takes place within a very limited range of fibre diameters. The use of product characteristics to parameterise price relationships may be extended to other graded commodities.     

Trade Reforms and the Efficiency of Firms in India

In this paper, we analyse the impact of reforms on manufacturing efficiency in India. The sector chosen--the cotton textile industry in India--is a very large employer and exporter and also has considerable historical significance. Its response to the reforms therefore is being watched with some concern. The paper concludes that while there was considerable dispersion in efficiency levels before the reforms, this dispersion has decreased since the reforms. To analyse this, we estimate a best practice frontier for the industry and then measure efficiency as the distance from this frontier. We find that efficiency has increased because the reforms have influenced other factors such as market shares, exports and imports and capital-labour ratios. Our results also indicate that geography--the location of the firm within a state and its proximity to a major urban centre--influences the efficiency levels of firms within it.     

基于GIS和Logistic回归的环首都经济圈土地利用变化机制研究

运用GIS技术与Logistic回归模型,采用2000~2005年环首都经济圈区域土地利用数据、基础地理数据以及社会经济数据研究了影响该区域土地利用类型变化的驱动机制。分析结果显示,耕地、林地、草地变化模型具有较高的拟合水平,且进入模型的因子与各土地类型变化情况有很高的相关性。该区域耕地、林地变化受自然、社会经济、通达性三大类因素的影响,而草地变化则主要受社会经济及通达性的影响。     

Asia–Pacific food markets and trade in 2005: a global, economy–wide perspective

Rapid industrialization in East Asia, particularly China, is raising questions about who will feed the region in the next century and how Asia will be able to pay for its food imports. The paper first reviews existing food sector projections and then takes an economy–wide perspective using projections to 2005, based on the global CGE model known as GTAP. After showing the impact of implementing the Uruguay Round, the paper explores several alternative scenarios. A slowdown in farm productivity growth is shown to be costly to the world economy, as is slower economic growth in China. Failure to honour Uruguay Round obligations to open textile and clothing markets in OECD countries would reduce East Asia's industrialization and thereby slow its net imports of food. On the other hand, the trade reform that is likely to accompany China's (and hence Taiwan's) membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adds 30 per cent to estimated global gains from the Uruguay Round. Their WTO accession is projected to boost exports of manufactures and strengthen food import demand by not only China but also its densely populated neighbours with whom it trades intensively.     

张謇农工商一体化的构想与实践

张謇为了救国富民,针对中国当时经济、文化落后的国情,提出了农工商一体化的构想,其核心是“棉铁主义”,立足点在“棉”上,通过“棉”与“纺”,把“农”与“工”与“商”联系在一起,构成了张氏“实业救国”、“教育救国”、“地方自治”的主要内容,并采取相应的对策,一一付诸实践,将原先闭塞、落后、贫穷的南通建成了开放、进步、富裕的“模范县”,取得了举世瞩目的业绩,获得了中外一致好评。     

云南边境地区近3O年土地利用与覆盖变化研究

利用1976年的MSS、1995年的TM、2004年的TM三个时期遥感影像数据对云南边境地区的土地覆盖动态变化进行监测。选取了土地变化幅度、单一动态度、绝对动态度、综合动态度、土地综合利用程度和马尔柯夫模型六个指标，利用RS、GIS信息技术和数理统计方法，对云南边境地区土地利用的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：土地覆盖主要以林地和裸地为主；土地覆盖变化幅度最显著的是建设用地和农田，而主导变化类型为林地和裸地；土地覆盖变化的主要方向是由林地向裸地和农田转化．     

基于GIS的云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用变化研究

对1982,1991,1998年云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用图利用GIS技术进行了处理,分析了土地利用程度变化值和土地利用动态度。结果显示:西庄河流域土地利用以林地为主;林地、灌草地和耕地相互转换最为频繁,年变化率分别为6.94%、4.75%和2.99%;茶园的变化最小;综合土地利用变化动态度为1.91%;在土地利用方式的变化中,国家政策是最强有力的影响因子,相反,人口增长没有直接影响到土地利用变化。     

基于环境约束的中国矿业城市工业用地效率评价

研究目的:分析2000—2015年110个矿业城市工业用地效率,探讨其影响因素及优化路径。研究方法:基于非期望产出的方向距离函数,Malmquist-Luenberger模型,GIS空间制图方法。研究结果:(1)矿业城市工业用地效率处于中等效率水平且呈下滑态势,高效率矿业城市集中在苏鲁浙皖、蒙陕地区,低效率矿业城市集中在山西、甘肃西部、云贵及东北地区;(2)油气型城市生产率最高,有色金属型最低,煤炭型偏重技术进步,非金属型、黑色金属型和综合型偏重管理效率改进;(3)不同矿业职能、不同规模等级矿业城市工业用地效率的影响因子各有差异。研究结论:针对不同类型矿业城市,采取差异化路径来提升工业用地效率。