做市商及其定价分析

做市商制度不同于竞价交易制度，其显著特点是做市商同时进行显性的买卖双向报价并按其主动报出的价格进行交易。做市商在报价时必须考虑自己的做市成本，特别是存货成本和信息成本，从而便产生了理论上的存货定模型和信息定价模型。随着证券市场的不断发展和完善，我国也势必推行做市商制度，因此有必要研究通过各种途径降低做市商的做市成本，以维持正常报价和整个证券市场的秩序化。     

论做市商业务的商业模式--专访兴业银行资金营运中心副总经理林远洲先生

银行间本外币市场做市商制度推出以来,做市商已成为我国银行间市场的重要参与主体,对市场平稳运行发挥了积极作用。日前,中国人民银行、国家外汇管理局分别修订完善了银行间本外币做市商制度,通过进一步简政放权,给银行间做市商业务带来新的发展空间。为更好把握市场发展机遇,促进业界关于完善做市商机制和能力建设的交流和思考,本刊特邀2020年度综合最佳做市机构之一兴业银行的资金营运中心副总经理林远洲先生,分享做市业务管理心得,并就如何提升做市商软硬件实力发表见解。     

我国设立创业板块的制度思考

一、引入做市商制度 做市商是指在证券市场上,由具备一定实力和信誉的证券经营法人作为特许交易商,不断地向公众投资者报出某些特定证券的买卖价格,双向报价并在该价位上接受公众投资者的买卖要求,以其自有资金和证券与投资者进行证券交易.做市商制度是指以做市商为中心的市场交易方式与交易制度.在做市商制度下,做市商必须同时对其做市的股票报出买价(做市商愿意买进一定量股票的价格)和卖价(做市商愿意卖出一定量股票的价格),并且必须按照其报价从投资者手中买入或卖出一定量的所做市的股票.投资者可以通过计算机报价系统选择,从最优报价的做市商处买卖股票.推行做市商制度有两种形式:一种是以美国NASDAQ市场为代表的多元做市商制,另一种是纽约证券交易所采用的特许交易商制.     

做市商制度对新三板市场的影响——基于做市商实践的研究

本文通过介绍做市商制度理论和国外做市商实践,并基于做市商在我国的实践,研究做市商制度对新三板市场的影响。以采取做市转让和协议转让两类股票为参照样本,研究认为,做市商制度对新三板市场产生了流动性改善,对股票合理估值等方面有重要影响;然后,引入挂牌企业做市案例进行分析,认为进一步优化新三板市场的制度规则缺失,是矫正其市场结构失衡和改善流动性的核心变量。     

制度破冰 新三板迎来大时代

2014年6月5日《全国中小企业股份转让系统做市商做市业务管理规定（试行）》的出台确立了股转系统做市商制度的开启，而8月25日新三板做市商系统的正式上线。则标志着我国场外市场进入新的发展时代。做市商制度的推出是我国资本市场制度突破的开始．将有效提升交易的活跃度，同时进一步完善场外市场的投融资功能。     

新三板做市商制度的问题研究

新三板是国家继主板、中小板及创业板之后设立的一个全国性证券交易市场,旨为解决我国资本市场所存在的"两多两难"问题。随着2014年做市商制度的正式落地,新三板市场的交易活跃度取得了突破性的进展,有效地解决了部分中小企业融资难的问题,同时对新三板市场的规范化治理也发挥了重要作用。但由于做市商制度在国内还处于摸索阶段,难免存在一些问题。本文旨在对新三板做简单介绍,并对做市商制度进行理论分析,借鉴纳斯达克的发展经验,在归纳总结的基础上,指出新三板在引入做市商制度初期存在的一些问题,引出新三板做市商制度的发展之路,并针对其完善方案作出对策建议。     

银行间债券市场做市商的行为分析

做市商制度有利于改善债券市场的流动性，维护市场稳定。笔者在文中对影响做市商做市行为的关键因素——做市成本和收益作出具体分析，并就提高做市商做市积极性提出了政策建议。     

做市商制度对新三板市场的影响

新三板做市转让在2014年8月25日正式实施。本文列举了做市商制度实施半年以来的市场数据,说明做市商制度已经初步显现出的优越性:提高新三板市场的流动性;使新三板公司股价估值更合理;增强新三板交易市场的稳定性。同时也指出新三板制度需要注意的两个缺陷:做市商操纵股价较为便利;做市商的专业水平缺失,影响做市水平。     

优化做市商管理推动外汇市场高质量发展

为适应金融市场双向开放不断推进的新形势,促进外汇市场可持续发展,2021年伊始,国家外汇管理局修订并发布《银行间外汇市场做市商指引》,交易中心配套出台《银行间外汇市场尝试做市机构指引》并修订《银行间外汇市场评优办法》,进一步完善银行间外汇市场做市商制度。此次做市商制度改革优化流动性分层体系,丰富市场流动性来源,将有力推动外汇市场构建新格局、再上新台阶。具体看,本次改革如何对做市商管理进行优化,并对银行做市业务产生深远影响?交易中心如何从系统、服务、机制等方面入手,有效落实做市商制度的修订和实施?做市商和尝试做市机构应如何加强自身做市能力建设,提升服务实体经济能力?在本期中,本刊组织专题,对上述问题作深入探讨,供读者参考。     

做市商制度、双边价差与市场稳定性——基于银行间债券市场做市行为的研究

本文在梳理我国银行间债券市场做市商制度发展历程及其与市场流动性关系的基础上,以一段包含牛、熊市的完整市场周期为样本,考察了双边价差的影响因素,并对不同行情下做市商报价行为及稳定市场的效果作了比较研究。结果发现,做市商提供的市场流动性整体不足,而做市商的表现明显好于尝试做市商;从做市商稳定市场的效果看,只有五大行发挥了一定作用。原因在于,市场没有分层、做市商缺乏激励使得做市业务无法盈利,仅做市商考核排名(提高声誉)能对国有大行带来一定激励,因此越是以盈利为考核目标的机构做市的意愿越低。     

积极做市,树立银行间市场做市商品牌

中国农业银行资金交易中心作为银行间市场第一个资金交易中心,多年来始终是银行间市场上交易最活跃、最有实力、最具影响力的机构之一,2002年至2006年连续五年实现银行间市场交易量排名第一。作为银行间市场的首批双边报价商,农行已经连续6年多坚持每个交易日多券种、小价差报价,在发现市场价格和活跃市场交易方面发挥了积极作用,     

认真履行做市义务,努力促进业务发展

我国银行间市场的做市商制度脱胎于双边报价商制度,2007年1月9日中国人民银行发布2007年第1号公告,即全国银行间债券市场做市商管理规定,标志着我国银行间债券市场中正式引入做市商制度。中国银行自成为首批现券双边报价机构以来,积极响应中国人民银行的号召,始终活跃在银行间市场之中。     

全球主要货币外汇交易比重变化与趋势——BIS三年一度中央银行调查报告解析

2013年9月,国际清算银行发布了《三年一度中央银行调查报告——2013年4月全球外汇交易统计初步结果》。通过与历年报告比较分析发现,近年来,全球外汇交易量显著增加：主要贷币交易量变化各异;外汇交易向主要金融中心汇浆趋势明显;人民币离岸外汇交易量激增,虽已成为全球第九大外汇交易贷币,但与其他主要贷币相比,交易量仍然较小。上述变化与特点,对中国积极推进人民币跨境使用和建设上海国际金融中心具有重要参考价值。     

美联储关于大型外国银行机构监管的新思路

针对本次国际金融危机中大型外资银行经营造成的金融体系风险，本文强调进一步加强母国与东道国监管当局协调合作具有重要意义。文章系统阐述了美国和欧洲关于外资银行机构监管的新规定。和相关思路，指出需加倍努力推动真正的监管合作，完善对大型外资银行机构监管的国际合作机制，这将有利于增强全球金鬲虫系统的稳定性。     

实践对中国市场的承诺——花旗银行（中国）有限公司副行长、司库莫兆鸿访谈

2008年2月26日,中国外汇交易中心发布2007年度银行间外汇市场优秀做市商、优秀会员和优秀交易员名单。根据此次评选,花旗银行荣获交易优秀奖、衍生产品交易优秀奖、外币对优秀做市商三个奖项,该行交易员姚振华被评为优秀交易员。该行在衍生产品交易和外币对的做市交易中表现尤其突出,本刊特此采访了花旗银行（中国）有限公司副行长、司库莫兆鸿先生、资金交易总监尤炯先生。     

Learning lessons: how to practice nudging around the world

Abstract

The aim of this article is to cover three things: (1) to introduce the context behind why a report prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2017 would be of such importance to researchers in various academic disciplines and public policy, (2) to present the details of a simple classification system that was applied to all 111 case studies of behavioural interventions (better known as nudges) referred to in the OECD (2017a OECD. 2017a. Behavioural Insights and Public Policy Lessons from Around the World.1-408 pp. OeCD Publishing. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/behavioural-insights-and-public-policy_9789264270480-en. doi:10.1787/9789264270480-en.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) report, and (3) to discuss what needs to be done to help advance practitioners’ pursuit of effective behavioural interventions. This article aims to highlight the importance of accurately cataloguing the types of behavioural interventions that have been trialled/implemented across the world. By adopting an agreed classification system, researchers and practitioners can benefit from knowing what can work, and where it can work, as well as what does not work, in order to be better armed when considering the use of behavioural interventions to solve social policy issues.     

The Role and Current Status of IFRS in the Completion of National Accounting Rules – Evidence from Romania

Abstract

Romanian accounting rules (RAR) had followed a convergence process with International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) since 1999, and the level of convergence has increased over time. The Romanian accounting regulator continues to follow IAS/IFRS in internalizing the Accounting Directive 2013 Directive 2013/34/EU. Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings, Official Journal of the European Union, L 182/19. [Google Scholar]/34/EU. Only a few major differences still exist (some of them due the restrictions in the Accounting Directive 2013 Directive 2013/34/EU. Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings, Official Journal of the European Union, L 182/19. [Google Scholar]/34/EU) between RAR and IFRS. However, RAR lack the level of detail existing in IFRS, and IFRS cannot be used in practice as a source of guidance and interpretation. While major stakeholders have a positive attitude towards the convergence with IAS/IFRS, the Romanian accounting regulator intends to keep the control over RAR and avoid differences in interpretations that might have tax consequences. Despite the good level of convergence of RAR with IFRS, practitioners tend to continue to utilize the tax approach as a source of guidance and interpretation.     

Industry cost of equity capital: European evidence for multifactor models

We estimate the costs of equity capital for 117 industries from 16 European countries employing the CAPM and 8 multifactor asset pricing models as well as a variety of different econometric techniques. In doing so, we extend previous research on cost of equity estimation in mainly two ways. First, our study involves European instead of US or UK industries, which are investigated in previous research, and we find that cost of equity estimates obtained from the CAPM or multifactor asset pricing models are as imprecise for European industries as for US and UK industries. Second, in addition to the CAPM, the Fama and French [1993 Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French. 1993. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics 33: 3–56. doi: 10.1016/0304-405X(93)90023-5[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics 33: 3–56] three-factor model, and the Carhart [1997 Carhart, Mark M. 1997. “On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance.” The Journal of Finance 52 (1): 57–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03808.x[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance.” The Journal of Finance 52 (1): 57–82] four-factor model, which are usually employed, our study includes six multifactor models that have not yet been examined on their ability to provide precise estimates of the costs of equity: the five-factor model of Fama and French [1993 Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French. 1993. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics 33: 3–56. doi: 10.1016/0304-405X(93)90023-5[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds.” Journal of Financial Economics 33: 3–56] as well as the multifactor models of Pástor and Stambaugh [2003 Pástor, Lubos, and Robert F. Stambaugh. 2003. “Liquidity Risk and Expected Stock Returns.” Journal of Political Economy 111 (3): 642–685. doi: 10.1086/374184[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “Liquidity Risk and Expected Stock Returns.” Journal of Political Economy 111 (3): 642–685]; Campbell and Vuolteenaho [2004 Campbell, John Y., and Tuomo Vuolteenaho. 2004. “Bad Beta, Good Beta.” American Economic Review 94 (5): 1249–1275. doi: 10.1257/0002828043052240[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “Bad Beta, Good Beta.” American Economic Review 94 (5): 1249–1275]; Hahn and Lee [2006 Hahn, Jaehoon, and Hangyong Lee. 2006. “Yield Spreads as Alternative Risk Factors for Size and Book-To-Market.” Journal of Financial &; Quantitative Analysis 41 (2): 245–269. doi: 10.1017/S0022109000002052[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “Yield Spreads as Alternative Risk Factors for Size and Book-To-Market.” Journal of Financial &; Quantitative Analysis 41 (2): 245–269]; Petkova [2006 Petkova, Ralitsa. 2006. “Do the Fama–French Factors Proxy for Innovations in Predictive Variables?” The Journal of Finance 61 (2): 581–612. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00849.x[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. “Do the Fama–French Factors Proxy for Innovations in Predictive Variables?” The Journal of Finance 61 (2): 581–612]; and Koijen, Lustig, and van Nieuwerburgh [2010 Koijen, Ralph S., Hanno N. Lustig, and Stijn G. van Nieuwerburgh. 2010. “The Cross-Section and Time-Series of Stock and Bond Returns.” Working Paper, University of Chicago, University of California at Los Angeles, New York University. [Google Scholar]. “The Cross-Section and Time-Series of Stock and Bond Returns.” Working Paper, University of Chicago, University of California at Los Angeles, New York University]. Our results suggest that these models provide even more imprecise cost of equity estimates. One main reason for these inaccurate estimates is the large temporal variation of the risk loadings on the non-traded factors in these models.     

New development: Integration of budget and governmental accounting in Mexican states

ABSTRACT

Mexico recently introduced an accounting–budgeting framework compatible with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This article discusses the implementation of this framework, including the harmonization of information for the functional, administrative and economic budget categories for all Mexican states and for Mexico City. The author analysed public accounts and budgets prepared under the framework’s information requirements, as well as assessing the harmonization of accounts between the local, state and national levels of government. The results show an increase in both the amount and the harmonization of the public expenditure information being reported. This paper contributes to the literature of harmonization between financial reporting and budgeting processes (Dabbicco, G., & Mattei, G. (2020 Dabbicco, G. , & Mattei, G. (2020). The reconciliation of budgeting with financial reporting: A comparative study of Italy and the UK. Public Money & Management , 1–11. doi: 10.1080/09540962.2019.1708059 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The reconciliation of budgeting with financial reporting: A comparative study of Italy and the UK. Public Money & Management, 1–11).     

A modified Corrado test for assessing abnormal security returns

Event studies typically use the methodology developed by Fama et al. [1969 Fama, E., Fisher, L., Jensen, M. and Roll, R. 1969. The adjustment of stock prices to new information. International Economic Review, 10(1): 1–21. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]. The adjustment of stock prices to new information. International Economic Review 10, no. 1: 1–21] to segregate a stock's return into expected and unexpected components. Moreover, conventional practice assumes that abnormal returns evolve in terms of a normal distribution. There is, however, an increasing tendency for event studies to employ non-parametric testing procedures due to the mounting empirical evidence which shows that stock returns are incompatible with the normal distribution. This paper focuses on the widely used non-parametric ranking procedure developed by Corrado [1989 Corrado, C. 1989. A nonparametric test for abnormal security price performance in event studies. Journal of Financial Economics, 23(2): 385–95. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. A nonparametric test for abnormal security price performance in event studies. Journal of Financial Economics 23, no. 2: 385–95] for assessing the significance of abnormal security returns. In particular, we develop a consistent estimator for the variance of the sum of ranks of the abnormal returns, and show how this leads to a more efficient test statistic (as well as to less cumbersome computational procedures) than the test originally proposed by Corrado (1989 Corrado, C. 1989. A nonparametric test for abnormal security price performance in event studies. Journal of Financial Economics, 23(2): 385–95. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We also use the theorem of Berry [1941 Berry, A. 1941. The accuracy of the Gaussian approximation to the sum of independent variates. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 49(1): 122–36. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]. The accuracy of the Gaussian approximation to the sum of independent variates. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 49, no. 1: 122–36] and Esseen [1945 Esseen, C. 1945. Fourier analysis of distribution functions: A mathematical study of the Laplace–Gaussian law. Acta Mathematica, 77(1): 1–125. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Fourier analysis of distribution functions: A mathematical study of the Laplace–Gaussian law. Acta Mathematica 77, no. 1: 1–125] to demonstrate how the distribution of the modified Corrado test statistic developed here asymptotically converges towards the normal distribution. This shows that describing the distributional properties of the sum of the ranks in terms of the normal distribution is highly problematic for small sample sizes and small event windows. In these circumstances, we show that a second-order Edgeworth expansion provides a good approximation to the actual probability distribution of the modified Corrado test statistic. The application of the modified Corrado test developed here is illustrated using data for the purchase and sale by UK directors of shares in their own companies.