随机型商品库存系统的数学模型及MATLAB仿真

商场在经营中必须库存一定数量的商品,以满足销售的需要。商家进货要有计划,进货过多,库存量较大,占用的流动资金也越大,库存费增加;进货过少,一方面会增加订货次数而增加采购成本,还会造成因缺货造成利润损失和商场信誉损失而影响收益。本文对商场经营者十分关心的库存量问题,以商品库存总费用最小为目标,根据随机型库存系统的特点,建立了商品库存模型,并通过计算机仿真获得最优订货点和最优订货批量,寻找最佳进货方案,为合理进货提供依据。     

经济订货批量模型敏感性分析及应用

影响经济订货批量的因素变动对订货批量的影响很小,同样经济订货批量的变动对总成本变动影响也很小。所以经济订货批量模型有较好的稳健性,商业企业在进行订货量决策时可根据存储空间限制、运输批量、供应商提出的条件,对经济订货批量做出调整。     

利用Excel建立存货经济订货批量决策模型

<正> 存货经济订货批量方法认为,能够使存货成本与储存成本之和保持最低的订货数量,即为最优订货批量。即与批量有关的存货相关总成本T=变动进货费用+变动储存成本=进货次数×平均每次进货费用+平均进货数量×单位储存成本=D/Q×B+Q/2×C 其中Q——订货批量;D——某种存货年度计划需求总量;B——平均每次进货费用,全年进货次数为D/Q;C——单位存货年度单位储存成本。本文将结合实例探讨应用Excel“规划求解”工具建立经济订货批量模型的方法。一、加载“规划求解”工具“规划求解”是一个加载项。如果用户安装了     

控制缺货下的报童模型扩展

当卖主给出一个提前订货的折扣时,买主订货的数量忽视了预测偏差的影响。买主必须在订货前预测市场需求,但这样可能增大需求预测的偏差。在本论文的扩展报童模型中,当给平均缺货水平加一个上限时,订货时间和订货数量同时成为决定变量。     

房地产价格问题的讨论

根据房地产销售价格预测和国家政策影响实际需要，在对相关数据进行收集和用数据挖掘的知识对数据进行分析的基础上，在充分合理假设之下，建立四个模型。首先建立房地产价格预测模型找到当前房地产销售价格制定标准，然后专门针对商品房销售价格建立散点图多元回归模型确定影响商品房销售价格重要因素，判断出房价的走势，最后建立BP神经网络模型对国家政策的影响进一步分析。     

制造商价格促销策略对经销商订货水平影响的实证研究

选用来源于中国新型建材制造行业348家经销商的数据,采用多无线性回归,实证检验了奖励型价格策略、威胁型价格策略和返利等三种不同的价格促销策略对经销商订货水平的影响.研究发现,奖励型价格策略对经销商的订货水平有显著正向影响,而威胁型价格策略对经销商的订货水平有显著负向影响;制造商返利策略对促进经销商的订货水平有显著正向影响,返利任务完成对经销商的订货水平有显著正向影响,而返利比例对经销商的订货水平有显著负向影响.研究还发现,返利完成与否跟返利比例对经销商订货水平存在显著的交互效应.研究揭示了面对制造商不同的价格策略时,经销商订货水平的不同表现,对指导企业管理者价格促销策略的运用和制造商关系管理具有较强的借鉴价值和实践意义.     

基于风险厌恶视角的供应链订货时机Pareto分析

在短生命周期产品供应链中,零售商和制造商对于订货时机的选择经常冲突,前者偏好延迟订货,而后者偏好预先订货。文章和以往对供应链的研究中假设供应商和零售商均为风险中性不同,在结合我国制造业企业现状的情况下,认为供应商是风险厌恶的,而零售商为风险中性。并对该假设下的三种供应链中存在的订货方式(预先订货方式、延迟订货方式、柔性订货方式)进行分析。研究发现多数情况下供应链处于对供应商不利的订货方式。为减轻并消除这种不利影响,文章应用回购契约提供Pareto改善,并对回购契约实施的条件进行分析。研究结果对于提升风险厌恶型供应商决策水平及供应链整体效率具有一定指导作用。     

最优房地产价格影响因素分析

本文通过对购买房屋的成本一收益分析，发现二手房销售价格、按揭贷款利率和居民收入是影响新房销售价格的主要因素。运用协整和误差修正方法对各因素实证分析，发现我国房地产市场存在长期均衡关系，新房销售价格短期波动较大。脉冲响应冲击和方差分解发现，在影响新房房价的各因素中，二手房价格对新房价格影响最大．说明我国房价上涨中存在非理性因素。     

短生命周期产品零售商订货策略研究

为了确定随机需求下短生命周期产品零售商的最优订货策略,本文分析了单一零售商向多供应商进行订货的过程与特点;在零售商采取二次订货策略时需要对订货量进行调整和向各供应商支付订货成本的前提下,对于一次订货策略和二次订货策略分别建立相应的利润分析模型,并对该模型进行求解,将二次订货策略同一次订货策略进行比对,比较分析它们对于零售商利润的影响。结果表明:在面对多供应商供货的情形下,对于随机需求下短生命周期产品,零售商根据各供应商的批发价格与其各自的生产能力,对供应商进行选择并且确定相应的最优订货量;同时,二次订货策略会为零售商的利润获得带来一定的损失。因此,为了实现利润最大化,零售商应当考虑选择一次订货策略,而不是二次订货策略。     

我国城镇普通商品住宅销售价格改革研究

目前我国城镇普通商品住宅销售价格奇高,迟滞了我国和谐社会构建进程,影响了群众的基本生活质量。在详细分析造成我国城镇普通商品住宅销售价格奇高主要原因的基础上,采用房价收入比较法和年资金利润率比较法,对什么才是城镇普通商品住宅的合理销售价格范围进行了界定,并就我国城镇普通商品住宅销售价格改革提出了构想。     

基于损耗率和需求积压时变易逝品的生产库存模型

根据时变产品损耗率、需求积压率与需求产生到需求得到满足需要等待的时间长度有关,建立按照先到先服务的原则的生产库存模型,该模型更接近实际,扩展了已有的生产库存模型,因此得出和寻求最优解的方法和解的唯一性的证明。该模型同样可以用于非易逝品的生产库存和易逝品的经济批量订货。     

The ramification of dynamic investment on the promotion and preservation technology for inventory management through a modified flower pollination algorithm

The dynamic rate of investment in promotion during different price-ranges and the optimum investment in preservation technology are developed for seasonable or fashionable products through their lifespan. An order level inventory model for deteriorating items with promotional price and trapezoidal-type demand rate is used to maximize the profit of a retailer. The deterioration rate is dependent on the preservation technology i.e., more investment in preservation reduces the rate of deterioration. The aim of this study is to obtain the optimum dynamic investment for the promotion. The optimal control theory is employed to obtain the dynamic investment rates. A modified flower pollination Algorithm is applied to find the optimal pricing scheme, preservation technology investment, and replenishment schedule. An illustrated algorithm based numerical experiment is conducted to validate the dynamic behaviour of the investment. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out with respect to the major parameters to prove the novelty of the algorithm and explored the managerial insights of the proposed model. Numerical studies obtain that dynamical investment is really beneficial for the management of stocks.     

农产品价格上涨时的企业原材料订购策略研究

在农产品价格普遍上涨的情况下,对重庆市某火锅食品公司主要原材料(辣椒)2006年的采购现状进行调查分析,发现辣椒采购价呈指数时变递增规律,运用基本经济订购批量模型对企业的订购策略进行研究,结果表明改进后的订购策略能大幅度降低库存成本,初始采购价和价格影响因子对最优订购次数、最优订购批量以及库存系统各项成本有较大程度的影响。在实际工作中,必须根据这些因素来制定原材料订购策略。     

基于EOQ的RFID投资收益模型

实施RFID技术带来的高投入和收益的不确定性成为RFID技术推广应用的最大障碍。本文基于经济订货批量模式(EOQ),通过对订货效率和JIT效率与RFID投入成本的关系分析,建立了RFID技术的投资收益模型,旨在为RFID技术在零售行业的推广应用提供其商业价值分析方法和思路。     

A COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY AND QUICK RESPONSE INVENTORY REPLENISHMENT METHODS

When determining order quantity, logistics managers can choose between ordering the Economic Order quantity (EOQ) or a Quick Response (QR) quantity. QR is a general term that collectively describes several rapid‐replenishment inventory methods such as Just‐In‐Time or Continuous Replenishment. The QR order quantity is defined as the minimum inventory needed to support operations until the next delivery. The EOQ and the QR methods are substantially different because the EOQ minimizes the joint cost of ordering and holding inventory whereas the QR method minimizes only the cost of holding inventory. The goals of this research are to compare the costs of the two methods and to propose rules that help managers select the more appropriate method to use in specific situations.     

A Model of Household Grocery Shopping Behavior

The shopping trip to the grocery store is one of the most basic elements of consumer behavior. The authors seek to provide an understanding of the factors that account for variations in shopping behavior across households. They present a model of shopping behavior that assumes that households seek to minimize the travel cost associated with shopping and the cost of holding goods in inventory. As in the classic EOQ model, observed shopping behavior reflects the manner in which households balance these costs while meeting their consumption needs. A number of propositions derived from the model are tested using data on shopping trips made by households over a one-year period. The results support the model and indicate that the relationship between household characteristics and shopping behavior can be fairly complex: for some households shopping may have a recreational aspect while for others it may compete directly with wage-earning activity.     

收入不平等与最优个人所得税-转移支付再分配系统

本文构建了个人所得税、转移支付以及个人所得税-转移支付系统对于居民收入不平等的实际、最优和最大效应指标。运用中国省份数据分析,发现中国个人所得税正在加速恶化居民收入不平等,并且在对收入不平等的影响中发挥主要作用;转移支付对收入不平等有一定的抑制作用,但力量较弱,而且离最优指标"要求"越来越远;个人所得税-转移支付系统加剧了收入不平等,并且加剧程度越来越严重,最后提出了相应的政策建议。     

Optimal infant industry protection during transition to World Trade Organization membership – A numerical analysis for the Vietnamese motorcycle industry

This paper proposes a framework to derive the optimal dynamic path of tariffs to protect infant industries when a country initiates a process to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). The framework is based on the model of Melitz (2005) in which externalities associated with dynamic learning-by-doing provide a rationale for infant industry protection. Unlike the original model, this paper assumes that there is a time limit for protection: after a fixed number of years, tariffs are required to be constant over time at a low level. This setup reflects the nature of the actual WTO agreement. This model is solved analytically to derive quantitative implications for the optimal tariff path, unlike in Melitz (2005), where only qualitative analyses are undertaken. An interesting result emerges: conventional wisdom is that a country in this situation should reduce the tariff rate gradually over time so that it converges to its long-run rate at the terminal date of protection. By contrast, this paper finds that, in some plausible scenarios, the optimal time path of the tariff can be upward sloping. A numerical analysis applied to the Vietnamese motorcycle industry, a typical infant industry in a country joining the WTO, confirms such a pattern.     

The influence of sale announcement on the optimal policy of an inventory system with perishable items

In this paper a single-period inventory system with a sale announcement for perishable items is investigated. In this problem setting, the perishable product has a deterministic expiry date and a demand with a probabilistic behavior during the period. When the expiry date of the product is approaching, a special sale announcement may alter the customers' behavior and escalate the demand rate preventing huge loss of the expired products. Two model is developed to obtain the optimal order quantity of the product and the optimal time for sale announcement. The first model considers a static price dependent behavior of customers independent from the product’s expiry date, while in the second one the product's demand rate after sale announcement is assumed as an increasing function of its remaining lifetime. Usefulness of the proposed models and the influence of sale announcement on total revenue is demonstrated using numerical examples. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted revealing the effect of different parameters of the models on the optimal policy.     

Evaluating the optimal occupancy rate,operational efficiency,and profitability efficiency of Taiwan's international tourist hotels

This study uses the data envelopment analysis model to measure the optimal occupancy rate, operational, and profitability efficiency of Taiwan's international tourist hotels in a single implementation. The efficiencies calculated show that a high performance in operational efficiency does not necessarily ensure high profitability. Through optimal occupancy rate analysis, this study shows that increasing sales is not the best way to improve performance. For some hotels, it is actually better to decrease the occupancy rate in order to improve operational and profitability efficiencies. Additionally, evidence is presented that shows that inconsistent occupancy rate targets can be remedied through an empirical model.