Endogenous price leadership in a duopoly: Equal products, unequal technology

In the present paper we study endogenous price leadership in the context of a homogeneous product Bertrand duopoly model in which the firms have different, strictly convex cost functions. In such a framework it is well known that a simultaneous move price choice game does not have an equilibrium in pure strategies, but it has an equilibrium in mixed strategies. In the Stackelberg games with an exogenous price leader, we show that a pure strategy subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE) always exists. Although the SPNE might not be unique, the payoffs are the same across all SPNE. Finally, we analyze the issue of endogenous price leadership using the continuous version of the Robson (1990) timing game. The result is unexpected. One would expect the more efficient firm to emerge as the endogenous price leader. This is not always true. In most cases the endogenous leader is the firm with the highest "threshold" price. However, we also provide conditions under which the more efficient firm emerges as the leader. Our paper essentially complements Yano (2001) , which is based on the Hamilton and Slutsky (1990) framework.     

地方官员、捕蝇纸效应与公共服务支出的关系——一项有关公共服务型政府建设的研究

在我国,地方政府是公共服务提供的主导者,而地万官员在公共服务中扮演重要角色.文章构建了1997-2010年我国省级领导与其省份公共服务提供相匹配的数据,从个人微观层面考察这些官员群体(尤其是政府行政首长)对公共服务提供的情况.研究结果表明:省级官员建设公共服务型政府的愿望并不强烈,并且存在“捕蝇纸效应”;官员的公共服务支出与他们的晋升相关性低;东部地区公共服务支出比例明显低于广大的中西部地区;官员的流动有利于公共服务的提供.因此,创造公共服务的“竞争性市场”,并增强政策的可信承诺;进行税制改革,增加地方财力;增强社会问责,强化地方官员的约束.     

城市房价联动的网络结构特征及其影响因素——基于中国69个大中城市月度数据的经验考察

全面认识城市房价联动的网络结构特征对于提高房价调控政策的精准性、构建跨区域房价协同调控机制具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文基于2011年1月至2015年2月中国69个大中城市50个月的新建商品住宅销售价格同比指数,利用社会网络分析（SNA）方法实证考察了城市房价联动的网络结构特征及其影响因素。研究发现：①从整体网络结构特征看,样本考察期内,中国城市房价联动呈现显著的网络结构形态,且通达性好、稳定性高。②中心性分析结果显示,上海、广州、深圳、北京等城市中心度较高,处于网络中心位置,具有房价“引领”作用。③块模型分析结果显示,北京等9个城市属于净溢出板块,在网络中扮演“引导”角色;长沙等17个城市属于经纪人板块,在网络中扮演“桥梁”角色;北海等25个城市属于双向溢出板块,在网络中扮演内、外部双向“引导”角色;九江等18个城市属于净受益板块,在网络中扮演“跟随”角色。此外,板块的“俱乐部效应”、“梯度效应”显著。④QAP分析结果显示,城市间人口数量、经济发展水平、工资收入水平、金融发展水平和产业结构差异对城市间房价联动关系具有显著影响。基于上述结论本文提出了中国城市房价协同调控的政策建议。     

Price variability and price convergence: Evidence from Indonesia

This paper evaluates price variability and price convergence in Indonesia. Using price indices of 35 products in 45 cities from January 2002 to April 2008, this study shows that, during the observed period, prices in Indonesia converged to the ‘relative’ law of one price. The price variability of one product across cities is found to be smaller than the price variability of all products within a city. Transportation costs and the level of development matter to price variability. This study also reveals that the average speed of convergence, which is measured by the half-life, for perishable goods is about 9 months, non-perishable goods 32–36 months, and services 18–19 months, while the median of the half-life of all products is about 16–17 months. The speed of convergence depends on the initial price difference, but not the distance between cities.     

培养情商提高领导力

情商体现一个人良好的自制力、坚韧的毅力、自我驱动力等方面的素质。随着社会的发展和领导方式的转变,相对于传统的德才兼备的干部标准来说,情商在领导工作中的作用日益显现,成为有效推动工作开展的重要因素,领导干部的个人情商修养,同样成为衡量其领导力强弱和自身素质高低的重要标志。     

First mover advantage by product proliferation in multiproduct duopoly

This study aims to show that the product proliferation strategy in multi‐product duopoly is first‐mover advantage. We consider simultaneous and Stackelberg variety competitions. A firm producing more varieties charges a higher price, produces larger total quantities, and earns higher total revenue. When firms sequentially choose the masses of varieties and then simultaneously decide prices, the leader produces more varieties and enjoys first‐mover advantage. The masses of varieties can be regarded as strategic substitutes in the same way that quantities are. Finally, the market is likely to provide too few varieties relative to the social optimum.     

领导成员交换对酒店员工的服务创新行为的影响——以组织信任为中介变量

创新是引领发展的第一动力,员工的创新行为是企业持续发展和提升竞争力的关键所在。以社会交换理论为基础,基于286份酒店员工问卷构建结构方程模型,实证探究领导成员交换对酒店员工服务创新行为的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：领导成员交换和组织信任对酒店员工的服务创新行为存在显著正向影响;组织信任在领导成员交换和员工服务创新行为之间起到中介作用。该研究能够丰富上下级关系和员工服务创新行为的相关研究成果,对于改进酒店行业的管理实践也具有一定的现实意义。     

基于基金持仓头寸的国际油价动荡研究:1994～2009

2002年以来,国际石油价格暴涨暴跌、急剧动荡。本文首先梳理了国际石油投资、投机基金的构成、规模及特点;其次选取CFTC公布的1994～2009年的基金持仓数据,分别对基金总持仓和代表投机基金的非商业持仓头寸与国际油价之间的关系进行协整分析和格兰杰因果检验。结果显示:国际油价的暴涨暴跌确是资金推动的,石油投机基金的天量投机行为正是国际油价动荡的罪魁祸首;最后提出最优投机度概念,一旦投机行为触及"最优投机度",交易系统应触发"熔断制度",限制其投机行为。     

论辉煌时期中国动画的审美教育功能

在中国动画的历史长河中,以《大闹天宫》为标志的第一次辉煌和以《哪吒闹海》、《三个和尚》为标志的第二次辉煌,这时期的动画片不论从形式还是内容对构建人们的审美心理结构,完善人格,起了它所具有的独特审美教育功能。本文分别从审美感知力、审美想象力和审美理解力三方面的培育来阐述动画片的审美教育功能。     

从西藏脱贫攻坚透视中国共产党的组织领导力

在中国共产党的坚强领导下,西藏脱贫攻坚取得了巨大成就。在西藏脱贫攻坚伟大实践中,中央指明了西藏脱贫攻坚应遵循的总目标、明确了西藏脱贫攻坚的着眼点和着力点,自治区党委将"绿水青山就是金山银山,冰山雪地就是金山银山"的理念贯穿西藏脱贫攻坚的始终,体现了中国共产党科学的思想指引力;自治区党委率先建立四级党委"一把手"负总责的脱贫攻坚组织体系、着力健全脱贫攻坚保障制度、持续推进"强基础、惠民生"脱贫攻坚有力抓手,表明了中国共产党非凡的组织实施力;中央从全局高度对西藏脱贫攻坚工作的空前重视、举全国之力助推西藏打赢脱贫攻坚战,自治区党委统筹推进西藏脱贫攻坚工作,彰显了中国共产党强大的统筹协调力;西藏脱贫攻坚成为提升中国国家形象的重要切入点、使所谓"西藏问题"的谬论不攻自破、为全国乃至世界极端复杂贫困治理贡献了智慧,从而提升了中国共产党广泛的国际影响力。     

资产价格具有通货膨胀指示作用吗——基于LT-TVP-VAR模型的实证研究

资产价格变动通过财富效应等渠道影响总需求进而通货膨胀的变动,但其影响方向、强度及时变性尚有待进一步研究。本文通过建立包含潜在门限的时变参数向量自回归模型,实证研究房地产价格和股票价格对通货膨胀影响的时变特征。实证结果表明,房地产和股票价格均对通货膨胀产生显著的同向影响,并且影响强度表现出顺周期的时变规律。在资产市场发展的“繁荣期”,影响强度不断增强;而在“低迷期”,其影响趋弱甚至无效。当股票市场和房地产市场运行出现周期错配时,其通货膨胀效应更趋复杂和不确定。     

领导力与员工的忠诚管理

员工忠诚度的培养是人力资源管理实践的一个非常重要的内容,而领导魅力是影响与激励下属的能力,通过影响与激励,使下属主动成为领导者的追随者。本文将着重研究领导力和员工忠诚管理的相关性。     

中国成品油定价机制：基于计量模型的一个解释

随着我国石油消费量不断增长、石油对外依存度不断上升,我国国内出现了“油价倒挂“、“油荒”等关系国计民生的严重问题。论文选取了2007年3月到2010年5月的国内成品油和国际原油市场价格数据通过实证研究发现：国际原油价格和国内物价总水平是影响我国成品油市场价格的两个主要因素,国内的成品油价格与国际原油市场挂钩的市场化改革的同时,争取做到与我国宏观经济运行周期和宏观调控政策相一致,才能保证能源的可持续利用。     

Advances on Stackelberg open-loop and feedback strategies

In this paper, we study a familiar type of dynamic games called "common-property resource games" to establish the following results. First, the Stackelberg equilibrium may not exist in some cases, with open-loop strategies as well as with feedback strategies. Second, an explicit example is given to show that under feedback strategies, the best linear strategy on the part of the leader is inferior to a nonlinear strategy so that it is dangerous to confine our search to the Stackelberg equilibrium in the space of linear functions. Most importantly, we establish an "Implementation Lemma", which allows us to develop one methodology to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium with feedback strategies when the equilibrium is assumed to exist.     

农地租约中的价格决定——基于经典地租理论的拓展分析

对经典地租理论的分析范式进行拓展,揭示我国农地租约中价格的形成机理。研究表明：（1）经典地租理论忽视了中国特殊农情下“人—地”、“人—人”关系特征的影响;（2）从“人—地”关系角度看,我国农户对农地存在“客观生存依赖”与“主观情感依赖”的双重依赖关系,会引发交易中的禀赋效应,从而影响农地租金价格;（3）从中国乡土社会“人—人”差序化关系格局看,不同的关系强度暗含着不同的农地流转的事后监督成本,从而影响农地租金价格。可见,我国农地租约中的价格不仅取决于“地”本身,且取决于“人—地”以及“人—人”的关系特征。     

Leading and Merging: Convex Costs,Stackelberg, and the Merger Paradox

This paper examines the consequences of a Stackelberg leader merging with followers when costs are convex. Such mergers are always profitable for the participants, and the followers often do better merging than remaining excluded rivals. This resolution of the merger paradox cannot be generated either by Stackelberg leadership without convex costs or by convex costs without leadership. In addition, with convex costs, a merger with the leader can actually harm excluded rivals (suggesting why they might object to the merger) and increase social welfare.     

Student leadership and academic performance

There have been few studies in the past on how student leadership experience influences academic performance and none that offer a detailed study of the short- and long-run effects of such experience. In this study, we extend the investigation, using a unique panel dataset to thoroughly explore this effect and achieve the following findings. First, the ordinary least squares and fixed-effects estimates, as well as propensity-score matching analyses, suggest that being a leader can enhance academic performance in both the short and long run. Second, student leadership experience in primary school most effectively improves contemporary academic achievement. Third, compared with class commissaries and delegates, the position of class monitor is usually more conducive for promoting academic performance. Fourth, holding a leader position reduces study time but improves learning autonomy; the latter outweighs the former, thereby enhancing academic performance.     

Chinese leadership of macroeconomic policymaking in a multipolar world

This paper discusses the kind of leadership in global macroeconomic policymaking that China might provide. The paper describes a form of leadership, which I call ‘concerted unilateralism’, that enables countries to pursue their own objectives, in a way which they would not have been able to do if they were acting on their own, and enables them to achieve a higher level of welfare. I contrast such leadership this with a form of authoritarian leadership in which the leader imposes obligations on other countries which are to the disadvantage of those countries. I argue that China could provide leadership of the first kind, by making use of the G20 Mutual Assessment Process, or G20MAP. In the short term, China might do this by consolidating the ‘2-in-5’ action plan, which Australia instituted within the G20MAP when it was Australia was President of the G20. In the longer term, China might do this by ensuring that there is convergence between the G20MAP and China's own One-Belt-One-Road strategy for international engagement in trade and finance.     

试析公平理论在领导活动中的应用

本文通过对公平理论概念、源起、主要内容的论述,分析了在领导活动中可能产生不公平感的原因,从而阐释了公平理论对于领导活动的重要作用.在领导工作中,领导者应当借鉴公平理论的研究成果,指导人们正确看待和处理公平问题,努力营造一个公平的组织环境.     

台湾市场对祖国大陆进一步开放的前景分析

李登辉、陈水扁当政期间,政治上推行的"分离主义",经济上表现为"保护主义"、"机会主义"。两岸市场开放呈现"单向、间接"的局面。马英九当选台湾最高领导人后,岛内外压力及改善民生的竞选承诺,在"九二共识"的基础上,迎来了台湾市场对祖国大陆进一步开放的新契机,本文探讨了台湾市场进一步开放的路径和前景。