刍谈边际贡献在生产决策中的作用

<正> 边际贡献是指产品销售价格与变动成本的差值,或者是指产品销售利润与固定成本之和。通俗地说,就是在产品销售价格一定的情况下,边际贡献只与变动成本有关。而变动成本是指那些随着产品数量的增加而增加,只有当产品实现销售时才能与相关收入实现配比得以补偿的成本。 一、边际贡献对企业生产决策的可行性 1.现行计算产品利润方法存在的缺陷。     

边际贡献法在煤矿经营决策中的应用

追求最大利润是企业的目标。在市场疲软、竞争激烈的条件下,中小煤炭企业如何决策才能实现企业目标,“边际贡献法”不失为一种有益的方法。 边际贡献法(Margind Comtribute Method简称MCM)是西方普遍采用的对企业生产经营决策中进行经济效益评价的方法。边际贡献(MC)是指一种产品或部门的产品销售收入超过产品变动成本的差额,即:MC=产品销售收入-产品变动成本,就是产品销售收入抵偿其变动成本后所提供的贡献是固定成本的补偿和利润的源泉。     

非洲某国大型综合体项目标前成本案例分析

目前海外项目标前成本暂无统一的测算方法。文章以非洲某国大型综合体项目标前成本测算作为案例，从风险点、成本测算思路、各组成部分、测算方法、经济指标和相关经验进行分析；详细论述了项目标前分析应注意的风险点及相应风险点在成本测算问题；系统分析成本测算中各组成部分包括人工费、材料费、机械费、措施费、其他费及税金，阐述了人工费测算方法、材料和机械费测算方法、海运费测算方法；以案例说明了海外工程成本中各部分组成占比经验值，以及项目经济指标及技术指标。海外项目初期需迅速进行研判分析，利用经验值复核最终成本，达到成本测算准确度高的目的，以提高工作成果的质量水平，更好地为企业及社会服务。     

变动成本法

变动成本法是根据边际分析理论建立的一种成本计算方法。这种方法是把全部成本按照与产量的依存关系划分为变动成本和固定成本两部分。变动成本是随产量增减而发生正比例变动的成本。固定成本一般不随产量增减而变动,是为生产提供条件的成本。变动成本法所指的产品成本是指变动成本,而不包括固定成本,后者直接在当期损益中作为减除项目,由本期净利负担。故变动成     

西方规模经济理论与应用评价

介绍西方规模经济理论的基础：（１）收益递减规律与规模经济变动趋势；（２）短期成本、长期成本和边际成本；（３）利润最大化原则与规模经济。也介绍了有关这三个基础的不同论述。     

“产品实时成本与边际贡献测算体系”的建立与应用

本文主要结合钢铁企业现实情况,对"产品实时成本与边际贡献"测算进行了研究,并对测算体系的内涵、测算体系建立的方法步骤、测算体系的应用及效果进行介绍。     

燃煤电厂环境成本的分析与计算

介绍了燃煤火电厂环境成本的基本概况以及在电力市场中独立计算的必要性,分析了火电厂环境成本的组成和具体核算方式,提出了相关的处理对策和建议,并以火电厂脱硫环境成本为例,多方面进行环境成本的尝试性测算,最终得出具有可行性的计算结果和结论.     

产品边际贡献分析法在企经营决策中的运用

产品边际贡献分析法是企业经营决策的有力工具.产品边际贡献是管理会计中一个十分重要的概念,它是指产品销售收入减去产品变动成本后的余额,表现为其能够为弥补生产产品所发生的固定成本做出多大贡献.由于企业短期生产经营决策是在现有生产能力的范围内进行的,短期内不会改变生产能力,因而固定成本通常是不可控成本、沉没成本,是决策无关成本,在各方案固定成本均相同的情况下,产品边际贡献最大的方案实质上就是利润最大的方案.     

发电企业竞价上网的成本测算模型研究

对发电企业的会计成本和边际成本测算模型进行了分析,并提出分时段的固定成本分摊模型,同时对算例进行了具体测算。     

边际分析在包装企业生产及销售中的应用

本文阐述边际分析在商品生产成本及销售利润方面的预算,通过具体的实例来说明边际分析数学知识在包装品生产成本预算及销售利润方面的应用。     

我国火力发电厂环境成本控制研究

在"厂网分开、竞价上网"的竞争环境下,各火力发电厂加强环境成本控制,完善环境成本管理已经成为提高企业竞争力的必然选择.这里首先介绍了我国火力发电厂的环境污染和成本开支现状,重点分析了燃煤火力发电企业的各环境成本项目,得出了环境成本公式,并依据公式确立了环境成本控制的三个核心目标,提出了环境成本控制的方法与绩效考核办法,最后指出加强环境成本控制意义重大,是各火力发电厂可持续发展的必由之路.     

ENDOGENOUS COSTS AND PRICE‐COST MARGINS: AN APPLICATION TO THE EUROPEAN AIRLINE INDUSTRY*

This paper allows for endogenous costs in the estimation of price cost margins. In particular, we estimate price‐cost margins when firms bargain over wages. We extent the standard two‐equation set‐up (demand and first‐order condition in the product market) to include a third equation, which is derived from bargaining over wages. In this way, price‐cost margins are determined by wages and vice versa. We implement the model using data for eight European airlines from 1976–1994, and show that the treatment of endogenous costs has important implications for the measurement of price‐cost margins and the assessment of market power. Our main result is that observed prices in Europe are virtually identical to monopoly prices, even though observed margins are consistent with Nash behavior. Apparently, costs had been inflated to the point that the European consumers were faced with a de facto monopoly prices.     

BIASES IN STATIC OLIGOPOLY MODELS? EVIDENCE FROM THE CALIFORNIA ELECTRICITY MARKET*

Estimating market power is often complicated by a lack of reliable marginal cost data. A number of empirical studies identify industry competition and marginal cost levels by estimating the firms' first order condition within a conjectural variations framework. Few studies, however, have analyzed the accuracy of this technique. In this paper, we use direct measures of marginal cost for the California electricity market to measure the extent to which estimated mark‐ups and marginal costs are biased. Our results suggest that the technique poorly estimates mark‐ups and the sensitivity of marginal cost to cost shifters.     

Multiproduct Outputs and Scale Economies in Electric Power Production: Some New Estimates

The present study offers an argument, through a technical exposition, which suggests that there are cost differences inherent in serving different types of buyers in the electric utilities industry. To this end, we employ a translog joint cost function (for electricity production) with three outputs, which allows for the examination of the cost differences between wholesale and retail trade for vertically integrated, investor-owned companies in the industry. The regression estimates suggest different costs at the means, however the estimated marginal cost curve for wholesale power is not as robust as those for low-voltage and industrial power.     

基于发电成本与环境效益的风电最佳接入容量分析

为充分了解风电接入电力系统后对发电成本及环境效益的影响,计算符合系统运行经济性的风电接入容量,建立了风电最佳接入容量优化模型。采用该模型分析了不同容量火电机组在不同功率下的煤耗特性变化,并通过对火电机组深度调峰补偿调动火电机组调峰积极性;引入火电排污成本以充分体现风电接入后的环境效益,加入弃风惩罚费用来保障风电优先调度。采用粒子群算法并结合主动搜索技术(active explore basic particle swarm optimization,AEPSO)对模型进行求解,有效解决了粒子群算法易陷入局部最优的问题。最后以某地区实际电力系统为例,计算得出了在最经济运行模式下的风电接入容量,验证了模型的合理性。该研究可为相关决策部门制定风电发展规划提供参考。     

2006-2008年输变电工程场地建设清理及补偿费用趋势分析

随着经济社会的发展,土地资源日益稀缺,电网工程建设用地清理及补偿工作难度日益加大,费用不断增加,并逐渐成为电网工程造价上涨的主要因素。通过分析2006-2008年输变电工程场地建设清理及补偿费用的变化,揭示输变电工程建设场地费用变化情况及趋势,分析了其主要影响因素。     

Opportunity Cost Pass‐Through from Fossil Fuel Market Prices to Procurement Costs of the U.S. Power Producers

This paper investigates the transmission of fossil fuel commodity spot market price changes to procurement costs of U.S. power producers. We measure and compare the speed and magnitude with which spot prices predict procurement costs using restricted access fuel price data. Natural gas spot prices are quickly reflected in procurement costs. Coal spot prices offer very little predictive power to coal procurement costs. Although not causal, the empirical results also show differences across regulatory status. These findings may have implications for the electricity market deregulation literature that creates marginal cost curves as a competitive benchmark.     

电网企业深化成本管理的举措研究

对于上游购电电价和下游销售电价受到国家严格管控的电网企业来讲,成本控制是实现企业利润目标和自身持续发展的必要手段,尤其在当前金融危机的大背景下,加强成本控制就显得更加重要。在全面分析电网企业成本体系和特点的基础上,提出以资产全寿命管理方法为基础,对电网投资建设进行全过程科学管控;通过推行精益化管理举措,提升经营成本管理水平,控制经营成本支出。     

THE ROLE OF COST IN DETERMINING WHEN FIRMS OFFER BUNDLES*

We model competitive bundling and tying, allowing for marginal cost savings from bundling, fixed costs of product offerings, and variation in customer preferences. Pure bundling can arise either because few people demand only one component or because, with high fixed costs, a single product efficiently satisfies customers with diverse tastes. We conclude by analyzing empirically the bundling of pain relievers with decongestants. The discount for the bundled product is large. We argue that our model provides a simpler, more compelling explanation for the size of the discount than the demand‐centered approach to bundling by a monopolist.     

Stromspeicher für die „Energiewende“ – eine akteursbasierte Analyse der zusätzlichen Speicherkosten

Political targets for implementing the German “energy turnaround” aiming at the ambitious extension of renewable energies to generate electricity. However, a majority of the renewable supply is provided by intermittent sources, e.g. wind and solar power. For balancing the increasing supply fluctuations additional storage options are claimed beside of an enforced grid infrastructure and a more flexible demand side. Despite of the political guidelines the economics of additional flexibility measures has to be considered. For this paper we analyse the costs of large scale stationary battery storages to be operated in wholesale markets and transmission grid level. By deriving a key figure based on a life-cycle cost approach, we are able to evaluate the additional costs of electricity of selected battery technologies (lead-acid, lithium ion, sodium sulphur, redox-flow). Moreover, current and valid parameters of the cost analysis are received by scientific and industrial stakeholders of battery systems via online survey and face-to-face interviews. According to the stakeholder estimation a nationwide operation of stationary battery storages will be established at wholesale and transmission grid level until the year 2030. The life-cycle cost analysis, which also includes estimated future cost reductions, shows that lead-acid batteries remain the cost-efficient technology, assuming about 100 storage cycles p.a. In addition, a sensitivity analysis reveals the impact of increasing annual storage cycles as well as the achievable cost reduction by economies-of-scales of the power unit of the storage system.