经济全球化进程中发展中国家贸易自由化所面临的问题

经济的全球化发展使世界各国之间联系日益密切,推动了各国贸易自由化的迅速发展。但是,全球化是一个发展不平衡与不平等的过程,这导致发展中国家在其贸易自由化过程中,面临诸多问题,包括:贸易条件恶化、自由化收益甚微,以及执行乌拉圭回合协议的问题等。为促进发展中国家的经济发展,各方应充分考虑发展中国家的实际情况,允许后者以自己的方式,灵活地参与到全球化的进程中,真正推动其贸易自由化的发展。     

Globalization, Growth, and the Poor

This paper discusses the possible causal relationships and empirical associations between globalization and growth, growth and poverty reduction, and, finally, globalization and poverty reduction. We argue that globalization can contribute much to poverty reduction both directly and by accelerating growth. Second, the contributions of redistributive policies are very likely to be less than the contribution of greater access to markets, more competitive insurance and financial markets, and improved institutions to poverty reduction. The potential effect of greater international integration on poverty reduction, however, is limited by domestic policy failures in developing countries and also by continued protectionism, particularly in developed countries.     

政府采购、贸易自由化与发展——政府采购贸易自由化理论综述与批判

基于我国参与政府采购贸易自由化谈判的紧迫性和国内政府采购制度发展的战略需要,对新自由主义政府采购贸易自由化理论这一世贸组织《政府采购协议》的理论基石进行系统全面的梳理,考察这一理论如何推动西方现代政府采购制度的建立,如何积极促成政府采购市场的贸易自由化,以及如何建立政府采购贸易自由化与发展之间的联系。在此基础上采取庖丁解牛的方法,对新自由主义政府采购贸易自由化理论体系的构成要素逐一进行批判性评论,指出这一理论体系的薄弱和矛盾之处,以及对中国参与《政府采购协议》谈判的启示意义。     

院外集团、关税同盟与多边贸易自由化

利用一个古诺竞争模型,本文研究了在存在利益集团的情况下关税同盟的 缔结对一国关税保护水平及多边贸易自由化的影响。本文的研究结果表明,利益集 团的院外活动有提高一国关税保护水平的趋势,而且,一国政府对利益集团的政治 捐献越敏感,利益集团的游说导致的关税保护水平就越高。关税同盟的缔结有利于 纠正国内利益集团对贸易政策的扭曲,从而有可能使得政府选择一个有效率的多边 贸易自由化结果。从这种意义上来说,关税同盟是促进了而不是阻碍了多边贸易自 由化进程。     

贸易自由化、劳动流动与就业结构调整

就业结构的适时调整对于中国加快转变经济发展方式有积极意义。本文借助就业结构调整指数的构建,将劳动流动的因素纳入到贸易自由化对中国就业结构调整的影响之中,定量分析了二者对就业结构调整的影响。研究结果表明,贸易自由化程度和劳动流动自由程度的提高对中国就业结构调整有正向影响,但这种影响具有区域差异。     

贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距

本文在新经济地理学框架下构建了非对称的三地区空间模型研究贸易自由化、产业规模与地区工资差距的关系。研究结果表明:贸易自由化可能扩大或缩小地区间收入差距,这主要取决于地区相对产业份额以及本地与国外市场接近程度。当本地接近于国外市场并且产业份额相对较小时,贸易自由化与区域间收入差距呈倒"U"型关系;否则,贸易自由化扩大区域间的收入差距。使用1992～2008年中国27个省份面板数据证实了该假说,这也解释了Egger et al.(2005)与Redding和Sturm(2008)研究结论迥异的原因。此外,贸易自由化有利于各区域工资水平的提高,对产业份额较小地区尤为明显。     

Macroeconomic Volatility, Trade and Financial Liberalization in Africa

This paper examines the effects of financial and trade liberalization on growth volatility of real output and consumption in Africa. Our results suggest trade liberalization is associated with greater output and consumption growth volatility while financial liberalization increases the efficacy of consumption smoothing and stabilizes income and consumption growth. In addition, we find financial market depth and institutional quality operate jointly with trade and financial openness to reduce volatility in output and consumption growth. There is also evidence that good institutions which foster low inflation levels and volatility promote consumption and output growth stability.     

Trade Liberalization: Export-market Participation, Productivity Growth, and Innovation

The paper examines how Canadian manufacturing plants have respondedto reductions in tariff barriers between Canada and the restof world over the past two decades. Three main conclusions emergefrom the analysis. First, trade liberalization was a significantfactor behind the strong export growth of the Canadian manufacturingsector. As trade barriers fell, more Canadian plants enteredthe export market and existing exporters increased their shareof shipments sold abroad. Second, export-market participationwas associated with increases in a plant's productivity growth.Third, our analysis identified the presence of three main mechanismsthrough which export-market participation raises productivitygrowth among plants: learning by exporting; exposure to internationalcompetition; and increases in product specialization that allowedfor exploitation of scale economies. Our evidence also showsthat plants that move into export markets increase investmentsin R&D and training to develop capacities for absorbingforeign technologies and international best practices. Finally,entering export markets leads to increases in the number ofadvanced technologies being used, increases in foreign sourcingfor advanced technologies, and improvements in the informationavailable to firms about advanced technologies. It is also associatedwith improvements in the novelty of the innovations that areintroduced.     

环境、社会、经济的全球化发展

在世界金融危机下,中国政府给出．台了很多政策,而中国政府也希望能够促进经济结构的转型,比如说更多的专注于第三产业。从联合国的角度来看,其实这些问题并不是中国所面临的,全世界其他国家也面临着同样的问题,中国政府是非常强势的,中国经济体也是非常重要的一员,     

全球化、区域化和平行体系

经济全球化是各个国家和地区相互依存度不断上升的历史进程。尽管仍有争议,大致共识是此轮全球化的起始时点应追溯至30年前柏林墙的倒塌以及随之而来的真正意义上的世界市场的形成。其间,人类目睹了世界贸易体系升级换代、金融危机席卷全球、二十国集团(G20)从部长级会议升级为首脑峰会以及《巴塞尔协议III》出台。2017年特朗普总统任期的开始标志着全球化出现转折,美国宣布退出气候变化《巴黎协定》、拒绝任命新法官致使世界贸易组织(WTO)争端解决机制面临瘫痪等选择使全球化驶入崎岖路段。     

出口贸易自由化、企业异质性与出口企业产品配置

文章基于企业内产品配置的视角,从理论和经验方面研究了出口贸易自由化对企业产品配置调整的作用及其影响机制.研究表明,出口贸易自由化的提高会促进企业集中对一种或几种产品的出口与生产;研发投入对出口贸易自由化影响企业生产向有限产品集中起到中介效应,企业生产率和出口资本品份额也是贸易自由化影响企业产品配置的重要渠道.同时,文章...     

中国资本账户开放:意义、进展及评论

资本账户开放是中国目前面临的一个非常重要的问题.早在十年前中国就实现了经常项目可自由兑换,十多年来,中国在贸易自由化方面的努力,特别是2001年加入世界贸易组织(WTO),极大地推动了中国的对外贸易和资本流动,促进并加快了中国实体经济与世界经济的一体化.     

利率市场化、企业融资与金融机构信贷行为研究

本文利用协方差分析模型验证了中国贷款利率上限取消后企业的融资行为方程发生了结构性变化,证明了利率市场化的积极意义。贷款利率上限取消后,企业的负债水平有显著提高,小企业增加得尤为显著,反映了利率市场化有利于缓解企业融资约束;企业对资金的过度需求得到了一定程度的遏制,大企业出于融资成本的考虑,更侧重于内源融资,企业融资结构更趋合理;金融机构对贷款对象及贷款期限的决策不再单纯依靠固定资产、企业规模、国有股比例等指标,也会考察企业的成长性,同时,金融机构对中小企业资产抵押能力的要求亦有所降低,反映了其在监督和鉴别贷款申请者方面更有效率。     

Trade Liberalization and Industry Dynamics

This paper uses a large data set for 28 industries in 40 countries to examine the effects of trade liberalization on the number of firms, the average size of surviving firms, and markups. We extend previous studies by examining not only tariff changes in the liberalizing country but also trade reforms in the rest of the world. In addition, we look at whether these effects differ across industries depending on their degree of comparative advantage. The results show that a reduction in home tariffs decreases the number of establishments, firms average size, and markups. All of these three effects are found to be of lower magnitude for comparative advantage industries. In the case of foreign tariffs, our results show that a reduction in protection in the rest of the world is associated with an increase in the number of establishments (which is likely to be reflecting an increase in export profitability), a decrease in average size, while markups are mostly unaffected. As with home tariffs, these effects tend to be less pronounced in comparative advantage industries.     

金融自由化的风险控制

在金融自由化进程中,风险控制和经济发展是辨证统一的。风险控制始终贯穿在经济发展之中,合理的风险控制将会促进经济的发展。金融自由化中的风险有宏观和微观两个层次的表现形式。在风险控制方面也应分层次进行:在宏观方面,不断完善价格机制,健全金融体系,保持合理的金融结构,促进经济发展;在微观方面,促进微观金融企业的健康发展,从而防止金融危机的产生。