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1.
Domènec Melé 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,106(1):89-101
The article starts by arguing that seeing the firm as a mere nexus of contracts or as an abstract entity where different stakeholder
interests concur is insufficient for a “humanistic business ethos”, which entails a complete view of the human being. It seems
more appropriate to understand the firm as a human community, a concept which can be found in several sources, including managerial
literature, business ethics scholars, and Catholic Social Teaching. In addition, there are also philosophical grounds that
support the idea of business as a human community. Extending this concept, and drawing from some Phenomenological-Personalist
philosophers, we propose that the firm should be seen as a particular “community of persons” oriented to providing goods and
services efficiently and profitably. Being a “community of persons” emphasizes both individuals and the whole, and makes explicit
the uniqueness, conscience, free will, dignity, and openness to human flourishing. This requires appropriate communication
about and participation in matters which affect people’s life, and makes it essential to cooperate for the common good of
the business firm and the society. 相似文献
2.
William Kline 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,105(2):163-174
Hume’s examination of the conventions of property, trade, and contract addresses the moral foundations that make business
possible. In this light, Hume’s theory of justice is also a foundational work in business ethics. In Hume’s analysis of these
conventions, both philosophers and game theorists have correctly identified “proto” game-theoretic elements. One of the few
attempts to offer a Humean theory of business ethics rests on this game-theoretic interpretation of Hume’s argument. This
article argues that game-theoretic reasoning is only one part of a Humean business ethics and this can be shown by further
analyzing Hume’s theory of justice. As we examine his theory, it becomes clear that Hume is not trying to show how it is always
rational to respect the rules of business. Hume is not engaging in, or attempting, a reconciliation project and neither is
a Humean business ethics. The final section of the article is a brief Humean analysis of the effectiveness of codes of ethics.
The purpose of this section is not to decide the issue but to show how a Humean approach is both useful, relevant, and involves
more than reconciling rationality and morality. 相似文献
3.
This study compares college students with other adults in terms of the Muncy–Vitell (1992) consumer ethics scale. Further,
the study updates the Muncy–Vitell consumer ethics scale with modifications that include rewording and the addition of new
items. These new items can be grouped into three distinct categories – (1) downloading/buying counterfeit goods, (2) recycling/environmental
awareness and (3) doing the right thing/doing good. The study also compares these two groups in terms of their attitude toward
business. Results show that there is indeed a significant difference between these two groups in terms of ethical perceptions,
but not in terms of the “recycling” items and the “doing good” items. There was also little difference between the groups
in terms of their attitude toward business indicating that attitude toward business does not explain their different ethical
perspectives. 相似文献
4.
The emerging concern about software piracy and illegal or unauthorized use of information technology and software has been
evident in the media and open literature for the last few years. In the course of conducting their academic assignments, the
authors began to compare observations from classroom experiences related to ethics in the use of software and information
technology and systems. Qualitatively and anecdotally, it appeared that many if not most, students had misconceptions about
what represented ethical and unethical behaviors in these realms. Clearly, one can argue that if college students are uncertain
about what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior then this uncertainty will be carried forward into their workplaces
upon graduation. Furthermore, if their workplaces don't provide ethics training as a component of a new employee orientation
program, one can project a potential for unintentional violations and infringements of copyrights and law in the field. This
study was conducted among graduate and undergraduate students to gain insight into their attitudes, perceptions and understanding
of some of the relevant ethics issues. A questionnaire of 11 statements was employed that described ubiquitous but most likely
unethical (or surely dubious) behaviors in the prevailing business and academic environments. Each respondent was asked to
evaluate each statement twice (once for “self” and once for “colleague”) on a five-option highly ethical (5) to neutral (3)
to highly unethical (1) scale. The statements were worded such that lower instrument score was associated with higher ethical
responses. The questionnaire's two-part structure was designed to solicit honest answers. The encouraging learning from this
study was that the overall sample and its various sub-samples did not consider any of the eleven behaviors to be “ethical”
or “highly ethical.” It was also encouraging to note that the overall sample and all sub-samples considered “highly unethical”
those behaviors associated with personal privacy or property or outright theft. This indicated that moral judgment and probity
prevail. The discouraging learning was that behaviors associated with the use of enterprise property were viewed as “neutral”
i.e., neither “ethical” nor “unethical.” These findings suggested confusion and lack of clarity and definition around workplace
deportment as it regards ethics in software and information technology use. The current study suggests that additional research
needs to be conducted to define and clarify the issues, which in turn can form the basis for programs to rectify or at least
ameliorate the situation. 相似文献
5.
William Arthur Wines 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,79(4):483-499
This article first addresses the question of “why” we teach business ethics. Our answer to “why” provides both a response
to those who oppose business ethics courses and a direction for course content. We believe a solid, comprehensive course in
business ethics should address not only moral philosophy, ethical dilemmas, and corporate social responsibility – the traditional
pillars of the disciple – but also additional areas necessary to make sense of the goings-on in the business world and in
the news. These “new pillars,” that we advocate include moral psychology, organizational design and behavior, motivational
theory, and a unit on how society, business, and law interact. This last unit builds upon the work of Francis P. McHugh (1988)
who urged an integration of “disciplines related to business ethics.” Our seventh pillar would encompass an integration of
law, socio-political theory, and policy to demonstrate how business helps construct its own regulatory framework. The concluding
recommendation is for a comprehensive “Seven Pillars” of business ethics approach.
William Arthur Wines holds a B.S.B.A. with distinction from Northwestern University and a J.D. from the University of Michigan.
He is admitted to the practice of law in Minnesota and the State of Washington. His research has appeared in over three dozen
journals including the American Business Law Journal, Arizona Law Review, Economics of Education Review, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Journal of Business Ethics, Labor Law Journal, Marquette Law Review, Nebraska Law Review, and The William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law. He is the author of two volumes of readings in business ethics and “Ethics, Law, and Business”, published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. in 2006. This material is subject to various copyright laws. Please do not
transmit electronically, quote, or copy without the prior written permission of the author. 相似文献
6.
Urban communities in 21st century America are facing severe economic challenges, ones that suggest a mandate to contemplate
serious changes in the way America does business. The middle class is diminishing in many parts of the country, with consequences
for the economy as a whole. When faced with the loss of its economic base, any business community must make some difficult
decisions about its proper role and responsibilities. Decisions to support the community must be balanced alongside and against
responsibilities to owners, shareholders and relevant “stakeholders” in a relatively new context. Corporations in urban communities
“hollowed out” by white flight or urban sprawl must decide what level of support they can and should provide. This paper examines
corporate decisions within the emerging urban prosperity initiatives, using the framework of integrative social contract theory
proposed by Donaldson and Dunfee. We suggest that urban prosperity initiatives present a mandate on corporations sufficiently
strong as to qualify as an authentic norm. Further, we argue that strict adherence to a corporate bottom line approach or “corporate isolationism” is not congruent
with contemporary community standards.
Anita Cava is an Associate Professor of Business Law at the University of Miami’s School of Business Administration and serves
as Co-Director of the University of Miami’s Ethics Programs, a university-wide entity that promotes research, teaching and
service across the disciplines in areas of ethical interest and concern, and Director of Business Ethics Programs in the SBA.
Professor Cava received her B.A. with Distinction from Swarthmore College and her J.D. from New York University School of
Law, where she was a Hays Fellow. She joined the faculty after several years in private practice in Washington, D.C. and Miami.
Her experience ranged from national employment cases to commercial and consumer litigation. Professor Cava’s teaching specialties
are the legal environment of business and business ethics; here research interests concern legal and ethical aspects of healthcare
administration, business ethics and employment issues. She has published in law reviews and business journals on such topics
as “Advance Directives: Taking Control of End of Life Decisions,” “Law, Ethics and Management: Toward an Effective Audit”
and “The Collision of Rights and s Search for Limits: Free Speech in the Academy and Freedom from Sexual Harassment of Campus”.
Recipient of several School of Business Administration Excellence in Teaching Awards, Anita Cava was honored in 1996 by a
University-wide Excellence in Teaching Award. She regularly teaches in UM’s well-known Executive MBA Program and has received
Teaching Awards from these adult students as well. A frequent speaker on the topic of Business Ethics and Corporate Compliance,
Professor Cava’s audiences have included community groups, management trainees, top executives of several corporations, the
Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce Goals Conference and Leadership Florida, among others.
Don Mayer teaches ethics, legal environment of business, and environmental law at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan.
He is a full professor in the Department of Management and Marketing at the School of Business. He attended Duke University
Law School (J.D., 1973) and Georgetown University Law Center (Master of International and Comparative Law, 1985) and practiced
law in North Carolina from 1975–1990 after serving in the United States Air Force from 1973–75. He has taught as a visiting
professor at the University of Michigan, California Polytechnic State University, and the University of Iowa. He has been
at Oakland University since 1990 and served as Associate Dean in 2000 and 2001. Professor Mayer has published in related areas
of international law, environmental law, and corporate ethics. Recent publication include “Fort’s ‘Business as Mediating Institution’-A
Holistic View of Corporate Governance and Ethics,” in 41 American Business Law Journal (Summer 2004), “Yes! We Have No Bananas:
Forum Non Conveniens and Corporate Evasion,” Academy of Legal Studies International Business Law Review, vol. 4, at 130 (2004),
and “Corporate Governance in the Cause of Peace: An Environmental Perspective,” Vanderbilt Transnational Law Journal, Vol.
35, No. 2 (March 2002). An article on corporate free speech and the Nike v. Kasky case is forthcoming in the Business Ethics
Quarterly. 相似文献
7.
Using Reidenbach and Robin‘s ( Journal of Business Ethics 7, 871–879, 1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we carried out
the first empirical test of Robertson and Crittenden‘s (Strategic Management Journal 24, 385–392, 2003) cross-cultural map
of moral philosophies to examine what ethical criteria guide business people in Russia and the U.S. in their intention to
behave. Competing divergence and convergence hypotheses
were advanced. Our results support a convergence hypothesis, and reveal a common emphasis on relativism. Americans are also
influenced by the justice criterion while Russians tend to emphasize utilitarianism.
Rafik I. Beekun (Ph.D., the University of Texas at Austin) is Professor of Management and Strategy in the Managerial Sciences
Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. His current research focuses on business ethics, national cultures, and the
link between management and spirituality. He has published in such journals as the Journal of Applied Psychology, Human Relations,
Journal of Management, Journal of Business Ethics and Decision Sciences. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed
to him: MGRS 28, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557–0206.
James Westerman is an Associate Professor of Management at Appalachian State University. He received his Ph.D. in management
from the University of Colorado at Boulder. His research interests include person-organization fit, employee ethics, compensation,
and selection.
Jamal Barghouti (B.Sc., MBA, Ph.D Management) is currently Advisor on Petroleum Affairs, H.H. Ruler’s Court, Dubai. He is
also a lecturer at local universities including Dubai University College in human resources management, international business,
organizational behavior and business communication. He has about 35 years of experience in the oil industry in the U.S.A.,
U.K., Russia, and the Middle East. 相似文献
8.
We address a previous finding in the business ethics literature in which accounting professionals in higher rank levels, i.e.,
“manager” or “partner” of auditing firms, appear to have lower moral reasoning ability than their junior counterparts. Prior
investigations have relied upon a similar methodology for estimating ethical beliefs, namely testing “moral reasoning ability”
using either the Moral Judgment Interview or Defining Issues Test. In the present study, we use a multiple vignettes approach
to test for the existence of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs effect. With only 2 of the 30 vignettes resulting in both managers
and partners being more accepting of the ethically charged behaviors, the results presented here using this alternative methodology
are generally not supportive of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs phenomenon. We also use a multivariate analysis in order
to control for demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that the most robust predictor of ethical attitudes among
accounting practitioners is age, not rank within a firm. 相似文献
9.
Ben Wempe 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(3):697-714
This article assesses the quality of Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) as a social contract argument. For this purpose,
it embarks on a comparative analysis of the use of the social contract model as a theory of political authority and as a theory
of social justice. Building on this comparison, it then develops four criteria for any future contractarian theory of business
ethics (CBE). To apply the social contract model properly to the domain of business ethics, it should be: (1) self-disciplined,
i.e., not aspire results beyond what the contract model can realistically establish; (2) argumentative, i.e., it should seek
to provide principles that are demonstrative results of the contractarian method; (3) task-directed, i.e., it should be clear
what the social contract thought-experiment is intended to model; and (4) domain-specific, i.e., the contractarian choice
situation should be tailored to the defining problems of business ethics. 相似文献
10.
James A. Stieb 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,63(1):75-87
This paper seeks to analyze and to motivate a trend toward virtue ethics and away from deontology in the business ethics account
of organizational loyalty. Prevailing authors appeal to “transcendent” values (deontology), skepticism (there is no loyalty),
or Aristotelianism (loyalty is seeking mutual self-interest). I argue that the “Aristotelian” view clears up the “egoist”
difficulty with loyalty. Briefly, critics feel we must “transcend,” “replace,” “overcome” and most especially sacrifice self-interest on the altar of ethics and loyalty. I argue that few things can be more ethical than loyalty to shared values.
When a company and I both pursue the same value X, there becomes no difference between my seeking my best interest and my
seeking the best interest of the company (and vice versa). Hence, the way out of the egoist difficulty with loyalty is seeing
a company’s interests as my own (Aristotle’s third stage of friendship). 相似文献
11.
John F. McVea 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,70(4):375-390
This paper develops a pragmatist approach to ethical business decision-making. It draws primarily on the work of John Dewey
and applies his deliberative approach to ethics to the challenges of business practitioners. In particular the paper proposes
the value of Dewey’s concept of dramatic rehearsal in emphasizing the task of “constructing the good” in ethical decision-making.
The contribution of the paper is, first, to build on recent foundational work to bring American pragmatism into the mainstream
business ethics literature; second, to offer a perspective that is accessible to practitioners and integrates ethics into
their daily tasks; and third, to identify a number of related research imperatives – in particular the importance of focusing
efforts on gaining a deeper understanding of the deliberative process itself. 相似文献
12.
In this paper we look at business ethics from a deontological perspective. We address the theory of ethical decision-making
and deontological ethics for business executives and explore the concept of “moral duty” as transcending mere gain and profit
maximization. Two real-world cases that focus on accounting fraud as the ethical conception. Through these cases, we show
that while accounting fraud – from a consequentialist perspective – may appear to provide a quick solution to a pressing problem,
longer term effects of fraud and misconduct make ethical implications more apparent. Widely used compensation schemes also
may have the tendency to fuel unethical behavior. We argue that an ethical reinvigoration of the business world can only be
accomplished by encouraging the business realm to impose upon itself some measure of self-regulating along the lines of deontological
ethics. Principles of deontology should guide executive decision-making particularly when executives are tempted to operate
outside of codified legislation or are bound to act under judicial-free conditions.
Carmelita Troy is an Assistant Professor of Accounting in the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California.
Micewski, Edwin R., Dr., Brigadier General, is social philosopher and Director of the Institute for Human and Social Science
of the Austrian National Defence Academy, Vienna. Member of the Science Commission of the Austrian Ministry of Defence and
Visiting Professor at the Department of National Security Affairs of the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.
Research and teaching areas: Social and cultural philosophy, military ethics, (military) professionalism and leadership, postmodernism
and war. Recent publication: (Ethics and international Politics (2001); Civil- Military Aspects of Military Ethics (2003/2005); Terror and Terrorism-
History of Ideas and Philosophical-Ethical Reflections (2005); Asymmetry and Western Society - Culture-critical Reflections(2006). 相似文献
13.
Alexander Brink 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,93(4):641-651
While much has been written on specificity (e.g., in texts on new institutional economics, agency theory, and team production
theory), there are still some insights to be learnt by business ethicists. This article approaches the issue from the perspective
of team production, and will propose a new form of corporate governance: enlightened corporate governance, which takes into
consideration the specific investments of employees. The article argues that, in addition to shareholders, employees also
bear a residual risk which arises due to their specific investments. This residual risk presents a valid and legitimate basis
for residual claims. In this way, employees can be seen as residual claimants due to the fact that their income depends upon
a hazardous quasi rent. Therefore, this article will call on the fiduciary duty of board members to protect those employees
who are exposed to such residual risks and may thus be vulnerable as a result. This leads to a fundamental change of perspective
on the “theory of the firm” – a change which will adopt the theories of new institutional economics, agency theory, and team
production theory in order to promote business ethics research. Against this background, enlightened corporate governance
aims to follow the criterion of specific investments as a legitimate basis for residual claims. Furthermore, it seeks to understand
the consequences for board members, and to promote the sharing of control and ownership. The article will close with some
discussion of the implications and future prospects for business ethics. 相似文献
14.
Bahtışen Kavak Eda Gürel Canan Eryiğit Öznur Özkan Tektaş 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,88(1):115-135
This study investigates the possible effects of self-concept, self-monitoring, and moral development level on dimensions of
consumers’ ethical attitudes. “Actively benefiting from illegal activities,” “actively benefiting from deceptive practices,”
and “no harm/no foul 1–2” are defined by factor analysis as four dimensions of Turkish consumers’ ethical attitudes. Logistic
regression analysis is applied to data collected from 516 Turkish households. Results indicate that self-monitoring and moral
development level predicted consumer ethics in relation to “actively benefiting from questionable practices” and “no harm/no
foul” dimensions. Actual self-concept is also a predictor variable in relation to “no harm/no foul” dimension. Age and gender
make significant differences in consumers’ ethical attribute dimensions. 相似文献
15.
Joseph Heath 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,72(4):359-374
In the economic literature on the firm, especially in the transaction–cost tradition, a sharp distinction is drawn between
so-called “market transactions” and “administered transactions.” This distinction is of enormous importance for business ethics,
since market transactions are governed by the competitive logic of the market, whereas administered transactions are subject
to the cooperative norms that govern collective action in a bureaucracy. The widespread failure to distinguish between these
two types of transactions, and thus to distinguish between adversarial and non-adversarial relations, has led many business
ethicists to develop a “uniform” moral code. Yet in market transactions, the checks and balances built into the system of
commercial exchange are such as to permit more instrumental forms of behavior. In administered transactions, by contrast,
these checks and balances are absent, and thus the institutional context calls for much greater exercise of moral restraint.
In this paper, I begin the task of developing an adversarial ethic for business. According to this view, the competitive environment
licenses a greater range of “self-interested” behavior, but also imposes its own constraints on the strategies that firms
may adopt in the pursuit of their interests.
Joseph Heath is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the Centre for Ethics at the University of Toronto.
He is the author of three books: Communicative Action and Rational Choice (MIT Press, 2001), The Efficient Society (Penguin,
2001), and with Andrew Potter. The Rebel Sell (HarperCollins, 2004). His research focuses on practical rationality, normative
economics, and critical theory. 相似文献
16.
An empirical study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (King, L. A. and C. K. Nappa: 1998, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
75(1), 156–165) concludes that people generally believe meaning and happiness are essential elements of the good life, whereas
money is relatively unimportant. Yet, the authors also state that although “we do know what it takes to make a good life...we
still behave as if we did not.” The authors are suggesting that despite a general belief that money is relatively unimportant
in creating happiness, many people continue to focus their behaviors on increasing income and wealth. This is the classic
conflict between the folk wisdom that money cannot buy happiness, on the one hand, and a continued focus by many people on
achieving material success on the other. The issue is of particular importance to business professionals, not only because
profit maximization is the central focus of business, but also because college students often pursue business as a profession
for the express purpose of maximizing personal income and wealth. In the business world a focus on personal financial success
is the norm. Wealth and income are honored. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze psychological studies comparing
happiness and financial success. The results are then contrasted with philosophical wisdom and religious writings comparing
happiness and money. The intent is to determine whether psychological studies provide incremental insights into the connection
between financial success and happiness.
Kent Swift PhD, is a professor in the College of Business Sciences at Zayed University. He has been teaching business at both
the undergraduate and graduate level in science 1978, and he has published articles on a variety of business topics. Dr. Swift
received his PhD from the University of Wisconsin – Madison. 相似文献
17.
Thomas Beschorner 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,66(1):127-139
By focusing on the reasoned debate in the discourse-ethical approach to business ethics, this paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of moral reasoning as well as applied economic and business ethics. Business ethics, it is contended, can be looked at from the standpoint of two criteria: justification and application. These criteria are used to compare three approaches: the Integrative Business Ethics, developed by Swiss philosopher Peter Ulrich, the Cultural Business Ethics of the Nuremberg School in German business ethics, and the concept of “Good Conservation” by Frederick Bird. It is argued that discourse-ethical approaches can be called upon for justifying moral principles. Improving the chances of their application, however, necessitates a good understanding of lifeworlds and culturally developed institutional settings. Bearing this in mind, further research perspectives stressing a linkage between discourse-ethical and critical approaches in social sciences are suggested.Dr. Thomas Beschorner is head of the research group “Social Learning and Sustainability” at University of Oldenburg, Germany and currently Visiting-Professor at McGill University, Montreal, Canada 相似文献
18.
John Hardwig 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,91(3):329-341
Business ethics – both stockholder and stakeholder theories – makes the same mistake as the one made by the traditional ethics
of medicine. The traditional ethics of medicine was a teleological ethics predicated on the assumption that the goal of medicine
was to prolong life and promote better health. But, as bioethicists have made plain, these are not the only or even the overriding
goals of most patients. Most of us have goals and values that limit our desire for medical treatments. Similarly, the view
of the stockholder in business ethics is that the stockholder has only one interest – profit. If stockholders have no other
values or interests that would limit their desire for additional profit, their sole interest is in profit maximization. But
investors are real people with interests and values that balance and limit their desire for profit. It would be an extremely
odd individual who cared for nothing except more profit. And institutional investors are supposed to serve the interests of
individual investors. Stockholders hold many stakes in the firms in which they invest. The conclusion that most stockholders
have interests that would limit the pursuit of maximum profit has significant implications both for business ethics and for
the management of for-profit corporations. Something like “informed consent for investors” is needed. Corporate managers,
to the extent that they are to be agents of their stockholders, must not simply pursue profit maximization. They must ascertain
the interests and values of their investors that limit the single-minded pursuit of profit. 相似文献
19.
Mark S. Schwartz 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,105(4):429-446
Whether the nation of Israel has become a “light unto the nations” in terms of ethical behavior among its business community
remains in doubt. To examine the current state of business ethics in Israel, the study examines the following: (1) the extent
of business ethics education in Israel; (2) the existence of formal corporate ethics program elements based on an annual survey
of over 50 large Israeli corporations conducted over 5 years (2006–2010); and (3) perceptions of the state of business ethics
based on interviews conducted with 22 senior Israeli corporate executives. In general, and particularly as a young country,
Israel might be considered to have made great improvements in the state of business ethics over the years. In terms of business
ethics education, the vast majority of universities and colleges offer at least an elective course in business ethics. In
terms of formal business ethics program elements, many large companies now have a code of ethics, and over time continue to
add additional elements. Most respondents believed they worked in ethical firms. Despite these developments, however, there
appears to be significant room for improvement, particularly in terms of issues like: nepotism/favoritism; discrimination;
confidentiality; treatment of customers; advertising; competitive intelligence; whistle-blowing; worker health and safety;
and the protection of the environment. When compared with the U.S. or Europe, most believed that Israeli firms and their agents
were not as ethical in business. A number of reasons were suggested that might be affecting the state of business ethics in
Israel. A series of recommendations were also provided on how firms can better encourage an ethical corporate culture. The
paper concludes with its limitations. 相似文献
20.
Recent high-profile corporate scandals are reminiscent of the corporate raider scandals of the 1980s, suggesting that ethical
scandals may occur in waves. This article provides a framework for analysis of this question by suggesting that ethical attitudes
may be cyclical about long-term secular trends. We provide some empirical evidence from previously published work for the
existence of cycles as well as a potential mechanism for their propagation, namely widespread publicity about a particularly
salient event, e.g., Enron. Further, we posit that long-run secular trends would be affected through more deliberate, cognitive
means, e.g., instruction in business ethics. We also discuss an important research implication, namely that traditional cross-sectional
“book-end” studies surveying ethical attitudes at two different points in time may be unable to disentangle short-run cyclical
movements from long-term secular trends.
相似文献