战后美国城市发展的新特点

"二战"后,美国城市发展从原来的传统城市化,转入大规模的人口郊区化,郊区"卧城"大量产生.20世纪80年代以来,美国进入"后工业"社会城市发展时期,产生了"边缘城市"与"无边缘城市"等城市空间新类型,同时也面临资源、居住和社会经济等方面的问题.     

航运公司在行业低谷期的运营策略

目前,欧债危机愈演愈烈,有可能导致金融危机;美国"占领华尔街运动"方兴未艾,有可能演变成一场社会运动,催发美国深层次改革;而主要发展中国家因欧美极度宽松货币政策导致的严重通胀而不得不实行紧缩政策,经济增速将显著放缓。综合分析,预计未来一段时期全球经济形势不容乐观:一     

社区思想政治工作重在创新

社区是在我国现代化和城市化进程中涌现出的新生事物,在城市改革、发展、稳定大局中处于越来越重要的地位,对加强城市管理、服务市民生活、促进社会进步发挥积极的作用。加强社区建设,社区思想政治工作要重在创新。笔认为应着重从以下六个方面着手：     

美国社区学院职能的嬗变及启示

<正>美国社区学院的创建可追溯到19世纪末20世纪初的初级学院运动(junior college movement)。初级学院运动是美国高等教育的一个伟大革新,它使美国从移植德国高等教育重视学术性     

城市社区管理模式创新的理论思考——大连市创立社会导向型"三位一体"社区管理模式的启示

在社会经济迅速发展的今天,社会功能和社会组织关系多元化现象越来越普遍.城市社区作为整合各种社会资源的基层单位,对创立新型城市社区管理模式的呼唤也越来越强烈.文章从我国现存的两种主导类型的城市社区管理模式所存在问题分析入手,对大连市创立社会导向型"三位一体"的城市社区管理模式进行了探索性研究,并将它与现存社区管理模式进行了比较分析,以期对我国城市社区管理模式的改革发展有所启迪.     

充分发挥社区在社会保障中的作用

我国城市社会保障体制的改革与完善需要发挥社区的作用1.国际社会对社区的重视20世纪70年代以来,随着各国对本国经济发展及其国际竞争力的关注,自40年代以来追求福利社会的浪潮开始走低。在这种背景下,各国开始注重社区在社会保障(社会福利)中的作用。虽然英国的社区照顾并非由此肇始,但它以后的发展基本上迎合了保守主义的潮流,英国政府把它作为削减福利的方法。在美国,虽然复兴社     

城市景观设计不是简单的“化妆”

从欧洲文艺复兴时期的理想城市开始，到19世纪末和20世纪初上半叶的巴洛克城市，城市景观相继成为君主专制、帝国主义和资本主义暴发户炫耀的工具。特别是从1893年美国芝加哥的世博会开始，以城市中心地带的几何设计和唯美主义为特征的城市美化运动席卷全美，留下了沉痛的教训。所幸的是这种思潮在1909年的首届全美规划大会上，及时得到了批评和抵制。然而，城市美化运动产生的影响久散不去，在过去一百多年的时间里继续泛滥于世界各地。时下，中国大地上的“城市化妆运动”却又在重蹈历史覆辙。     

犯罪率降了

犯罪率在下降,不少发达国家迎来了最"安全"时期。要保持这一趋势,政府要继续加强防范。20世纪90年代,专家们相信犯罪率会不断攀升。守法公民撤退到封闭的社区,由巡逻警卫把守,政客和警察局长也无能无力。但最近他们发现,悲观主义者们错了。美国的犯罪率在下降,连同日本和爱沙尼亚。我们正处在一个自1970年以来最安全的时期,一些犯罪甚至消失了。     

新建少数民族社区民族团结进步创建方式研究——以西安市回民街学习巷社区为例

少数民族社区是我国城镇化进程中出现的一种新的社区类型,由于其既具有一般城市社区建设的共性,又具有自身的民族特性,是我国城市社区建设和开展城市民族工作的重要内容,因此研究这类社区民族团结进步创建方式具有非常重要的意义.本文以西安市回民街学习巷社区对民族团结进步创建方式的探索为例,认为不同的民族社区应该有不同的民族团结进步创建方式,其在因地制宜建立独具特色的制度体系的同时也应顺应时代发展的潮流,在城镇化、 社会现代化进程不断加快的大背景下寻求民族社区民族团结进步创建的新方式.     

街居治理共同体:街道办事处改革的新方向与路径

在治理重心下沉的新趋势下,街道办事处改革亟需转向以问题为导向的治理有效议题.由于我国城市空间与城市政府结构的特性,嵌入于城市系统中的社区具有强依附性和弱自主性,并非一个独立的治理单元.街道作为城市治理的基础单元,需要在党建引领下再造街居治理共同体,区级政府职能部门、街道和社区之间的分流、整合与梯度治理机制是街居治理共同体得以运转的关键.认为街道办事处改革的新方向与路径为:在条块关系上,向街道办事处赋权,提升"块块"对"条条"的统筹协调能力;在街居关系上,建立街道对社区治理需求的制度化回应与支持机制.     

The Cosmopolitan Grassroots City as Megaphone: Reconstructing Public Spaces through Urban Activism in Jakarta

Discussions on social movements in Asian cities are inseparable from the abundance of public rallies in the region. In this article, I look at the case of Thamrin‐Sudirman, the main thoroughfare in Jakarta, Indonesia, to uncover how physical urban spaces constituting part of the city as living systems broaden the reach of social movements' agendas. The study involved continuous observation at rallies, interviews with social movement leaders and participants, and a look at simultaneous public rallies in various cities. This article analyzes the sites of public rallies as ‘megaphones’, based on the patterns of issues featured in the rallies, the groups participating, and the nodes and paths that they constructed. Two key dimensions of the megaphone are: (1) the symbolic and historical significance of the sites of rallies; (2) the relationship between the space and the media. Particular sites in cities become places where information is gathered, distributed and transferred through the media, facilitating a network among cities. This article concludes that cities are agents of political actions that amplify ideas and spread them across the globe. The urban centers' megaphonic function results from the synergy between the public space in the built environment and the public sphere, and is reflective of the recentering of the city.     

消费、娱乐和社会参与——从日常行为看农民工与城市社会的关系

通过对问卷调查所获得资料的分析,探讨了农民工在城市的消费、娱乐、社会交往和社会参与,认为造成农民工与城市疏离状态的原因既有城乡隔离的二元社会结构的制度惯性影响,又有生活方式和习惯的因素,还有城市管理体制上的不健全和城市社会生活封闭造成的后果.     

The Tunisian Revolution: Neoliberalism,Urban Contentious Politics and the Right to the City

This article engages in the debate on urban contentious politics by returning to the Tunisian revolution. In the article, I chart movements provoked by neoliberal restructurings, and show how these ultimately came together to form a mass movement demanding radical political change. I first describe the socio‐spatial roots of the Tunisian revolution to understand its dynamics. Based on the chronology of the unfolding events I sketch the classes, social groups and movements that coalesced against authoritarian rule in early 2011. Although the Tunisian revolution started in rural environments, I focus more specifically on the role of urban social movements in the uprising to link questions of urbanism to what were clearly national revolts. Secondly, I outline the scope of neoliberal reforms in Tunisia by looking at the impact of these reforms to chart the resulting emergence of contentious politics in response to the increasing violence that characterized all levels of economic life during this period. I also consider the resulting uneven development and the changing relations between the state and the different social classes. This enables me to reflect on the politicization of the city with the aim of opening up new opportunities for engaging with a more comparative and cosmopolitan theory about cities around the world.     

中国城市人居环境建设水平现状分析

论文对我国284个地级以上城市与人居环境有关的18项指标数据进行统计分析,揭示了我国城市人居环境建设水平现状及其地区差异.我国城市人居环境建设整体水平偏低,各城市之间人居环境建设水平差别较大,其中大城市好于小城市,东部地区城市明显好于中西部地区城市,江苏省城市人居环境建设总体水平最高,云南省最低.但是并不是城市越大其人居环境建设水平越高,也不是东部地区的所有城市都好于西部地区的城市,一个城市的人居环境建设水平并不是由一两个因素决定,而是多因素共同作用的结果.     

Squatting and urban renewal: the interaction of squatter movements and strategies of urban restructuring in Berlin

Squatting as a housing strategy and as a tool of urban social movements accompanies the development of capitalist cities worldwide. We argue that the dynamics of squatter movements are directly connected to strategies of urban renewal in that movement conjunctures occur when urban regimes are in crisis. An analysis of the history of Berlin squatter movements, their political context and their effects on urban policies since the 1970s, clearly shows how massive mobilizations at the beginning of the 1980s and in the early 1990s developed in a context of transition in regimes of urban renewal. The crisis of Fordist city planning at the end of the 1970s provoked a movement of "rehab squatting" ('Instandbesetzung'), which contributed to the institutionalization of "cautious urban renewal" ('behutsame Stadterneuerung') in an important way. The second rupture in Berlin's urban renewal became apparent in 1989 and 1990, when the necessity of restoring whole inner-city districts constituted a new, budget-straining challenge for urban policymaking. Whilst in the 1980s the squatter movement became a central condition for and a political factor of the transition to "cautious urban renewal," in the 1990s large-scale squatting — mainly in the eastern parts of the city — is better understood as an alien element in times of neoliberal urban restructuring.     

西部城市化新城市策略及促成方式

西部城市化可以有新的战略思考,可以考虑不依赖大城市、中等城市发展的策略,在新创城市方面利用工业推进法、人口拉动法、资金拉动法、大城市边缘渗透扩展法以及其他可作为新城市生长点的因素,譬如特有的自然旅游条件、特有的风土人情、特殊事件等,来实现城市化的突破.     

区域·社会·空间·文化——近代中国城市史研究的主要问题

总结并反思了近年来国内外学者的中国近代城市史的研究成果,提出应从四个重要层面进行近代城市史的研究,即区域城镇发展与城镇体系、城市社会结构、城市物质空间形态、城市文化。对这四个层面的主要内容进行了分析,认为近代城市的发展动因在于区域经济发展基础上的社会结构分化所导致的城市物质空间重构,以及西方城市文化对传统中国城乡模式的改造。     

The Role of Traders and Small Businesses in Urban Social Movements: The Case of London's Workspace Struggles

This article focuses on the role of traders and small businesses in urban social movements by exploring three examples of opposition to commercial displacement in London. While the work of Castells, Lefebvre and the wider field of urban social movement research has radically expanded the terrain of struggle beyond the workplace to take in a wide range of community and grassroots groups and concerns, little attention has been paid to the potential role of traders and small businesses, particularly in the global North. The article focuses specifically on the mobilization of traders and small businesses in response to the threat of commercial displacement which, as one of the ways in which surplus value is extracted from cities, is a potentially significant site of urban contestation. Drawing on the author's research and involvement with one metropolitan and two local ‘workspace struggles’ in London, the article demonstrates that commercial displacement may mobilize threatened traders and small businesses to play a role in broader urban social movements with wide-ranging goals and concerns. Further research on workspace struggles has the potential to offer much-needed insights for radical urban politics and possibilities for developing alternatives by challenging and working across divides between economy and society.     

外来人口社会融合与中国城市创新

构建社会融合综合指标以及经济、心理、行为、身份各个融合分指标，建立联立方程研究外来人口社会融合对城市创新的影响。结果表明：社会融合和城镇化水平的提升并没有提高城市创新能力，只有建立在社会融合基础上的城镇化才能促进城市创新水平的提升；经济融合、社会融合、文化和行为融合并没有带来城市创新能力的提升，脱离社会融合的城镇化水平对城市创新的影响为负，但城镇化和社会融合四个维度的交互项对城市创新水平的影响为正；人力资本水平和城市规模以及两个变量与社会融合的交互项都有助于提升城市创新水平，说明在相同的社会融合水平下，人力资本水平越高的群体对城市创新能力的影响越大；与中小城市相比，在特大和超大城市中社会融合水平的提升对城市创新能力的影响更大。     

Talking Business: An Actor‐Centred Analysis of Business Agendas for Local Economic Development

Much of the recent literature about local governance of Britain’s cities has examined the power of a newly evolving ‘business elite’. However, in trying to understand changing governance forms, these analyses have generally lacked sensitivity to the role of actors (businesspeople) and their representative organizations. Analytical categories drawn from social movement theory (SMT) are introduced to develop a more actor‐centred approach to the role of business interests in urban management. While not attempting to claim that business represents a social movement within Britain’s cities, it does illuminate how effectively or otherwise businesspeople develop an identity based around their representative organizations and specific business agendas, define non‐business actors as opponents, and deploy and implement the agendas they create. We then use these SMT categories to examine the creation of business agendas in three English towns – Barnsley, Mansfield and Accrington.