经济增长中制度与管理创新的贡献

加强制度与管理创新可以促进一个国家或地区的经济增长,本文认为广义技术进步一方面表现为科学技术的进步,即资本和劳动质量的提高;另一方面表现为资源配置效率的提高,它们分别是技术创新、制度创新和管理创新的结果.本文以重庆市为例对改革开放以来国民经济增长中制度与管理创新的贡献作了定量分析.     

论企业持续创新过程的制度创新与制度环境

制度创新是企业持续创新的重要组成部分,它为企业持续创新提供激励,动力和效率,本文探讨企业持续创新过程中制度的意义及功能,内在机制,主体和作用方式,最后讨论企业持续创新的制度环境。     

经济制度变迁中的权力结构及其影响

人类社会的制度变迁过程就是社会权力关系不断调整和完善的过程,在非工业化的奴隶社会和封建社会中,权力关系表现为不平等、集中和强制;资本主义社会经过十九世纪的古典权力结构和二十世纪的权力变革,实现了经济的快速发展和社会的稳定状态;社会主义从理论设想到现实改革将中央计划和市场的分权有机结合,从而成为世界新的经济增长带。     

Management and Policy Concerns over Shifts in Innovation Trajectories: The Case of the Japanese Robotics Industry

Innovation related network systems would need to be re-aligned and adapted within major technological shifts and their capability to re-align themselves determines the dynamic capabilities of a national innovation system. In this paper, we present a particular phenomenon in industrial evolution, which we call a shift in the 'innovation trajectory', taking the case of the Japanese robotics industry that now undergoes major shifts in many respects. We consider activities directly involved with innovation in the entire value chain from invention to commercialization, and identify the structural changes in the national systems due to the shifts in innovation trajectory. Having utilized the basic framework of 'Techno Economic Network', this paper analyzes six different structural shifts, which are related to product, technology, market, actor, competitive and socio-economic structures. This paper draws attention to the fundamental management and policy level concerns over the emerging shifts at four different decision making hierarchical levels. With concrete empirical evidences and results from interviews, this paper concludes that a new set of approaches is needed to shape these emerging innovation shifts.     

Management and Policy Concerns over Shifts in Innovation Trajectories: The Case of the Japanese Robotics Industry

Innovation related network systems would need to be re-aligned and adapted within major technological shifts and their capability to re-align themselves determines the dynamic capabilities of a national innovation system. In this paper, we present a particular phenomenon in industrial evolution, which we call a shift in the 'innovation trajectory', taking the case of the Japanese robotics industry that now undergoes major shifts in many respects. We consider activities directly involved with innovation in the entire value chain from invention to commercialization, and identify the structural changes in the national systems due to the shifts in innovation trajectory. Having utilized the basic framework of ''Techno Economic Network'', this paper analyzes six different structural shifts, which are related to product, technology, market, actor, competitive and socio-economic structures. This paper draws attention to the fundamental management and policy level concerns over the emerging shifts at four different decision making hierarchical levels. With concrete empirical evidences and results from interviews, this paper concludes that a new set of approaches is needed to shape these emerging innovation shifts.     

技术进步对经济增长的贡献:理论述评

不同时代的经济学家对经济增长的决定因素进行了不懈的探索,从最早的资本决定论到技术进步和人力资本决定论,学术界已经越来越重视全要素生产率在经济增长中的重要作用。本文回顾国内外已有的研究技术进步与经济增长关系的文献,探讨了技术进步对经济增长的重要意义。     

试论商业银行成本核算及其管理系统变革

现代商业银行经营竞争日趋激烈,产品品种层出不穷,盈利模式日新月异,迫切需要精确的成本信息来确定产品的真实盈利情况.然而,我国商业银行大都还采用传统的成本核算方法,核算出的银行产品成本是不完全的.为给银行管理决策提供更完全的相关信息,我国商业银行应使用作业成本法.就我国商业银行作业成本法的应用及须注意的问题作初浅探讨,希望对商业银行应用作业成本法有一定的参考.     

Climate Change and Adaptation: The Case of Nigerian Agriculture

The present research offers an economic assessment of climate change impacts on the four major crop families characterizing Nigerian agriculture. The evaluation is performed by shocking land productivity in a computable general equilibrium model tailored to replicate Nigerian economic development up to 2050. The detail of land uses in the model has been increased by differentiating land types per agro-ecological zones. Uncertainty about future climate is captured, using, as inputs, yield changes computed by a crop model under ten general circulation models runs. Climate change turns out to be negative for Nigeria in the medium term, with production losses and increase in crop prices, higher food dependency on foreign imports, and GDP losses in all the simulations after 2025. In a second part of the paper, a cost effectiveness analysis of adaptation in Nigerian agriculture is conducted. The adaptation practices considered are a mix of cheaper “soft measures” and more costly “hard” irrigation expansion. The main result is that the cost effectiveness of the whole package depends crucially on the possibility of implementing adaptation by exploiting low-cost opportunities which show a benefit-cost ratio larger than one in all the climate regimes.     

我国IT产业科技人力资源对科技创新的贡献

本文利用面板数据模型考察我国IT产业的高科技大中型企业科技活动,发现科技投入对效益类创新的贡献在IT各行业间没有差异,但是,相比于资金投入,科技人力资源的贡献更大;而科技活动的人力投入对技术类创新的贡献在IT行业间存在较大差距,因此,增加科技人力资源的总量是提高IT产业创新能力的最有效途径。     

政府对生态经济的创新管理

生态经济与政府管理间存在相互需求的关系,中国生态危机内在要求政府创新管理.创新要遵循以人为本、依法行政、生态经济和市场规律,要遵循明晰责、权、利,提升效能的原则;要注重专业化方式、程序化方式、伦理化方式的结合.基于生态管理制度严重缺失,应建立健全与生态经济相适应的制度规范,即生态经济市场与政府的衔接与互通机制、对生态经济管理主体的激励与监督机制、对生态经济管理行为的规划与执行机制.     

The Story-lines of Technological Change: Innovation, Construction and Appropriation

The paper contrasts three story-lines of technological change, which represent three different ways to think about technology as a social process. Each story-line, or discourse, or narrative strategy, has its own special terminology and is derived from particular academic fields and intellectual traditions. And each has different ways of considering the forms of social agency that are relevant in relation to technological change. For the story-line of innovation, the relevant agents are the producers of commercial products, often referred to as systems of innovation; for the story-line of construction, agency is conceptualized as those particular actors that have an interest in a particular artifact and its promulgation. For the story-line of appropriation, the social agency is differentiated into various user communities. When we analyze the relations between technology and society, it is important to know which kind of story we are telling and which story-line, or narrative strategy we are following.     

创新环境对区域创新能力的贡献测度研究——以河北省为例

创新环境与区域创新能力相辅相成。良好的创新环境可以整合创新资源,形成创新合力,提升区域创新能力;区域创新能力的提升也有利于创新环境的进一步改善。对河北省创新环境对创新能力的贡献测度进行实证分析发现,创新环境各要素对创新能力的促进作用都非常明显,但影响程度各异。提升河北省的区域创新能力可以环境为视角,通过创新环境的改善来促进创新能力的提升;还应抓住重点,加强经济基础环境和市场环境建设以及环境各要素的整合,提高协同效应。     

论经济管理开发性创新和探索性创新之关系

本文通过分析各种管理理论对创新的两种形式即开发性创新和探索性创新的之间的相互依赖和相互矛盾的关系,及它们对组织发展所发挥的作用,阐述了平衡两者关系的重要性,提出目前解决该问题的新思路二元组织的形式。     

Hybrid Corporate Governance and its Effects on Innovation: A Case Study of AstraZeneca

This case study looks at the relationship between the UK/Swedish pharmaceutical firm, AstraZeneca, and its shareholders from the point of view of its effects on innovation. It uses a theoretical framework on corporate governance and innovation that differentiates sectors according to the novelty, visibility and appropriability of technological change. High novelty requires a corporate governance system with strong industry-specific expertise; low visibility requires good firm-specific perceptiveness. High appropriability favours shareholder supremacy as against stakeholder inclusion. The pharmaceutical industry appears to be high in all three, and this (according to accepted stereotypes) should favour the outsider-dominated corporate governance system of the UK as against the insider-dominated Swedish system. It is found that the corporate governance that resulted from the merger could indeed be described as hybrid, but that (following the building up of one major US shareholding) it was a UK/Swedish/US hybrid. In spite of the apparent similarity of the UK and US 'outsider-dominated' systems, the US element made a crucial difference, in giving engagement by a strong and well-informed shareholder who had some influence on other shareholders. This in turn helped to protect the firm to a significant extent from short-term pressures within the UK stock market, and thus to allow it to maintain its emphasis on long-term innovation.     

Hybrid Corporate Governance and its Effects on Innovation: A Case Study of AstraZeneca

This case study looks at the relationship between the UK/Swedish pharmaceutical firm, AstraZeneca, and its shareholders from the point of view of its effects on innovation. It uses a theoretical framework on corporate governance and innovation that differentiates sectors according to the novelty, visibility and appropriability of technological change. High novelty requires a corporate governance system with strong industry-specific expertise; low visibility requires good firm-specific perceptiveness. High appropriability favours shareholder supremacy as against stakeholder inclusion. The pharmaceutical industry appears to be high in all three, and this (according to accepted stereotypes) should favour the outsider-dominated corporate governance system of the UK as against the insider-dominated Swedish system. It is found that the corporate governance that resulted from the merger could indeed be described as hybrid, but that (following the building up of one major US shareholding) it was a UK/Swedish/US hybrid. In spite of the apparent similarity of the UK and US ‘outsider-dominated’ systems, the US element made a crucial difference, in giving engagement by a strong and well-informed shareholder who had some influence on other shareholders. This in turn helped to protect the firm to a significant extent from short-term pressures within the UK stock market, and thus to allow it to maintain its emphasis on long-term innovation.     

中小企业生态位原理与识别体系研究

中小企业在长期的生存、发展和演进过程中,逐渐形成综合表现与反映自身的资源格局、功能地位和作用的生态位。中小企业生态位基本原理,可归纳为重叠与竞争原理、维度原理、宽度原理、动变与错位原理。识别中小企业生态位,需要构建相应的识别体系,包括内容识别、外部环境识别、功能机制识别三个层面。     

Innovation and Competition: The Role of Finance Constraints in a Duopoly Case

In this paper we analyse the role of financial resources in a process of competition interpreted as a continuous restructuring of productive capacities. Financial constraints appear an essential means of co-ordination. Co-ordination with the environment where this process of restructuring takes place for the process itself to be viable and co-ordination between firms for the survival of competition.     

农村合作金融的制度变迁与制度创新

该文回顾了我国农村合作金融组织50年的演变历程,认为当前我国农村金融业存在着从体制到运营机制等多方面矛盾。要解决这些矛盾,必须从制度创新着手,建立和完善农村合作金融法律制度;又要强化政府扶持,形成产权多元化;建立有效的激励机制,推动农村金融更有效地服务于三农。