Creating Media Culture. Snow,Robert P. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983. 261 pp. $28.00 (h), $14.00 (p)

Abstract

This paper addresses the media selection problem, a special form of resource allocation problem. After reviewing characteristics of media decisions and existing analytical approaches, two approaches incorporating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are presented. The recommended approach utilizes AHP in conjunction with integer programming while an alternative approach uses goal programming coupled with the AHP. Those specific characteristics of AHP that make it particularly well suited to the media selection problem are discussed.     

Multidimensional Variance‐Optimal Hedging in Discrete‐Time Model—A General Approach

One of the well‐known approaches to the problem of option pricing is a minimization of the global risk, considered as the expected quadratic net loss. In the paper, a multidimensional variant of the problem is studied. To obtain the existence of the variance‐optimal hedging strategy in a model without transaction costs, we can apply the result of Monat and Stricker. Another possibility is a generalization of the nondegeneracy condition that appeared in a paper of Schweizer, in which a one‐dimensional problem is solved. The relationship between the two approaches is shown. A more difficult problem is the existence of an optimal solution in the model with transaction costs. A sufficient condition in a multidimensional case is formulated.     

Teaching problem solving and database skills that transfer

The main goal of teaching a database application is to prepare students to use the application as a tool to gather information and to solve problems. This study investigated two approaches to teaching problem solving with database applications with the goal of preparing students to transfer their problem solving and database skills to solve an ill structured business problem. The findings reveal that neither the problem solving instruction approach nor the problem solving discovery approach improved students' transfer of problem solving skills. Students continue to have difficulty selecting efficient database procedures to support their problem solving processes. Further research is recommended.     

Perspectives on representation and analysis of negotiation: Towards cognitive support systems

The rapid expansion of Decision and Negotiation Support Systems has been built mainly on decision-theoretic approaches. This has resulted in the decision maker being viewed through the lens of the problem. In this article, the focus is on the decision maker's view of the problem. Three levels of problem articulation are described. Special emphasis is placed on the needs level and the implications it carries for the cognitive and instrumental levels. The three levels of articulation, the organizational model of making decision in social settings, and the three basic approaches to decision making form the basis for computer support focused on understanding and change rather than preferences and outcomes. We argue that in the dynamic, interactive context characteristic of negotiations, a cognitive support system based on restructurable modeling provides a richer basis for support.     

韩国应对劳工短缺的政策选择及其对中国的借鉴

劳工短缺现象已成为东亚许多国家的普遍问题。这个问题并不是经济自发调节便可消除的暂时现象,如长期持续下去,将对各国的产品出口以及经济发展构成严重的制约。韩国自20世纪80年代末起便开始了对劳工短缺问题的调查研究,积累了大量的文献与实践经验。在描述韩国劳工短缺现状的基础上,探讨其成因并介绍韩国政府对此问题所采取的措施及实施效果。提出了对解决我国劳工短缺问题的可借鉴之处。     

Evaluating Facilitated Modelling Processes and Outcomes: An Experiment Comparing a Single and a Multimethod Approach in Group Model Building

Facilitated modelling approaches have been suggested as helpful tools to support negotiation in strategic analysis processes due to their potential to facilitate cognitive change and enhance consensus and commitment with final decisions. In the present research, we developed an experimental framework to compare what two of these approaches, that is, group model building and a multimethod approach, contribute to the process and outcomes in the negotiation of strategies. In the multimethod approach, we combined strategic options development and analysis with computer simulations of the group model building approach. We explored the differences between these two modelling approaches in facilitating cognitive change, consensus and commitment by building an experimental research design with real clients, working on their organisation’s problem. Furthermore, we compared the type and content of participants’ contributions in the strategic conversation. The lessons from the experiment conducted are twofold. On one hand, the multimethod approach encouraged more divergent contributions and produced a higher degree of cognitive change than group model building (i.e., the single approach). On the other hand, group model building encouraged more contributions about content related to causes of the problem and enhanced more commitment to the final solution than the multimethod approach. Hence, the conducted experiment brings new insights into the benefits of using multimethods and possible losses resulting from such combinations. Accordingly, we have presented opportunities for further research regarding the combination of facilitated modelling approaches.     

Value Preserving Strategies and a General Framework for Local Approaches to Optimal Portfolios

We present some new general results on the existence and form of value preserving portfolio strategies in a general semimartingale setting. The concept of value preservation is derived via a mean-variance argument. It is also embedded into a framework for local approaches to the problem of portfolio optimization.     

面向卫星-地面协同通信系统的物理层安全传输设计

为增强多窃听者场景下的卫星-地面协同通信系统数据传输安全性,首先建立以卫星链路物理层安全传输速率最大化为优化准则、地面链路传输质量和信号发送功率为约束条件的卫星-地面协同传输优化问题。由于该优化问题的非凸性,随后通过引入辅助变量,将原问题分解为主、次两个子问题进行迭代求解,其中主问题为一维搜索问题,次问题则需进一步借助半正定松弛和矩阵变换方法转换为等价凸优化问题。最终,提出一种基于物理层安全的卫星-地面协同传输设计方案。计算机仿真结果表明,信号发射功率和卫星天线数的增加可提升系统安全速率,而窃听者数量的增加则会使得系统安全性降低。     

State of the science: violence prevention efforts in developing and developed countries

Violence is an important global public health problem that claims the lives of over 1.6 million people each year and results in numerous other health and social consequences. It is also a preventable health problem. This paper provides an overview of the current status of prevention efforts in developing and developed countries, describes what is known about the effectiveness of different approaches and highlights some of the important challenges in building the evidence-base for violence prevention programmes. Research conducted to date shows an imbalance in the emphasis of prevention programmes across the different types of violence. This imbalance is reflected in the timing of response, the nature and level of influence of interventions and programmes and the outcomes studied. Promising and effective approaches have been identified, but many more still require rigorous testing, particularly in developing countries. The current state of the science in violence prevention reveals both progress and a number of remaining challenges.     

International Business Versus International Management? International Strategic Management from the View of point of Internalisation Theory

This article examines the theoretical bases of both international management and the internalisation approach to international business. Similarities include: attention to the ‘make or buy’ decision, interaction between locational and organisational variables and attention to internal control mechanisms. International management pays particular attention to the specific constraints on the firm's strategy arising from its history, dominant culture and leadership and to the process of management. The two approaches are used to analyse a single problem: the management of research and development, and it is found that important differences in emphasis remain. The approaches contrast but do not conflict.     

OPTIMAL STATIC–DYNAMIC HEDGES FOR BARRIER OPTIONS

We study optimal hedging of barrier options, using a combination of a static position in vanilla options and dynamic trading of the underlying asset. The problem reduces to computing the Fenchel–Legendre transform of the utility-indifference price as a function of the number of vanilla options used to hedge. Using the well-known duality between exponential utility and relative entropy, we provide a new characterization of the indifference price in terms of the minimal entropy measure, and give conditions guaranteeing differentiability and strict convexity in the hedging quantity, and hence a unique solution to the hedging problem. We discuss computational approaches within the context of Markovian stochastic volatility models.     

Fighting dragons with dragons: Approaches for negotiating with Chinese partners

For many American firms engaging with Chinese business partners, patterns of negotiated promises made but not kept by their Chinese counterparts often prove rule rather than exception. While various issues play a role in this unfortunate condition, many contributing factors are not subject to control or correction by U.S. negotiators. But two singularly damaging factors can be controlled and corrected by U.S. managers. First is their tendency to negotiate from decidedly Western sociocultural perspectives. Second is that managers often negotiate in states of relative ignorance about certain key cultural values that heavily influence Chinese negotiating practices. Grounded in Bing Fa, this article describes approaches designed to enable managers to negotiate more effectively with Chinese partners. By turns, the approaches instruct U.S. managers regarding why and how they should (when negotiating with Chinese counterparts): embrace the unusual as normal; begin with hard ends in mind; anticipate/prepare for conflict; never resist resistances, [instead] always retreat gracefully; disclose with discretion; act like ladies and gentlemen; and never die with bullets in [their] guns. Adopt these tactics, and U.S. managers would lessen the impact of two factors that, when present, degrade their negotiating effectiveness.     

Reconciling positive and interpretative international management research: a native category approach

The use of ‘native categories’ in management research avoids the input of researchers' a priori understandings into the research process. The rich, unobservable and subjective perceptions of managers may be explored through interpretative research approaches, but these do not meet the positive aspiration of generating findings of generalisable application. A gulf exists between these two research approaches. An approach is described and evaluated which, in attempting to address the ‘native category’ problem in a comparative management research study, reconciles many of the objectives of interpretative and positive research. It explicitly recognises imperfection in all research approaches, and strikes a range of appropriate compromises. It is a way of accessing managers' ‘native category’ data results that is amenable to interpretative and positive, qualitative and quantitative analysis. The approach presented shows that the gulf between interpretative and positive approaches may be bridged, and other ‘bridges’ may be developed for other research enquiries.     

西方激励性规制理论研究综述

西方激励性规制理论产生于20世纪70年代末80年代初,它建立在信息不对称前提下,必然会产生规制者与被规制者之间的委托一代理问题(即所谓逆向选择与道德风险问题).因此,西方激励性规制理论主要围绕如何最大程度地避免委托一代理问题展开,如信息不对称下的洛伯和马盖特规制模型、存在逆向选择情况下的规制模型、存在道德风险情况下的规制模型等.西方激励性规制方式主要包括特许投标制度、区域间标杆竞争、价格上限规制等.本文认为,尽管我国是处于转型期的发展中的社会主义市场经济国家,不同于发达的资本主义市场经济国家,但政府对被规制企业的规制同样面临委托一代理问题,即逆向选择和道德风险问题.西方激励性规制理论不仅可以解决西方被规制企业配置效率和生产效率低下的问题,对于我国被规制企业,也可从技术层面上提供一定借鉴.当然,这种借鉴必须考虑到理论自身存在的缺陷及其在我国的适用性问题,特别是充分考虑我国市场经济的社会主义特性及转轨、欠发达等特点.     

拓宽民营中小企业融资渠道研究

在民营中小企业发展过程中，融资问题一直是其面临的主要问题。民营中小企业的融资渠道狭窄，既有金融市场环境、金融制度设计的问题，也有其自身素质问题。拓宽民营中小企业融资渠道的有效途径主要有：改革和完善相关的金融制度，按照单元制银行组织形式积极发展中小型商业银行；建立创业板市场和场外股权交易市场，为风险投资运作创造宽松的金融环境；对非正式金融行为采取较宽容的政策，利用、引导、逐步规范。     

Requirements Engineering for Product Service Systems

In recent years, manufacturing companies and service providers have moved towards offering customer-specific problem solutions. These integrated bundles usually consist of hardware, software, and service components and are called product service systems (PSS) or hybrid products. Since the success of the resulting solution depends on the understanding of all requirements, requirements engineering (RE) has become a key factor. The article analyzes the state of the art of RE for PSS based on an extensive literature review in the domains of product-, software-, and service engineering. For this, criteria are derived from the characteristics of PSS and from the task area of RE in the life cycle of PSS. Based on these criteria we analyze the most established RE approaches for their suitability for PSS. An important finding is that integrated/interdisciplinary approaches for RE are missing. Moreover, the maturity of RE approaches in the three domains varies significantly. All analyzed approaches heavily rely on concepts and solution characteristics of their own domain so that a transfer to other domains is hardly possible. This literature review lays the foundation for successful RE for PSS and especially for future research aiming at combining and integrating RE approaches and models of product-, software-, and service engineering. Such requirement models could connect concepts of single domains and enable an integrated and seamless RE for PSS.     

国有商业企业管理弱化的经济博弈分析

本文采用博弈理论和方法从国有商业企业治理的角度出发,探讨了国有商业企业管理弱化问题。文章认为,国有商业企业由于治理结构不完善,政府与国有商业企业之间一般都存在合谋作弊行为,这种局面将最终造成政府对国有商业企业管理的弱化。要克服管理弱化,应尽量降低监控成本,提高监督效率和创新能力;加大违规损失,增大违规风险,提高奖励力度,奖惩并用提高监督效率;谨防出现内部人控制情况,在监督机制设计中必须做到监控主体到位。     

The impact of bias and unexpectedness on message response

Behavioural research has produced mixed results as to the various effects perceived bias can produce on message response. Though bias and unexpectedly unbiased messages have not been much researched in an advertising framework, perceived bias in advertising messages is an inherent problem. This study presents the results of an experiment designed to test the effect of bias and unexpectedness on message response in an advertising context. The results suggest bias may be more of a problem with advertisements using a comparative format. Unexpectedness, while less effective in comparative approaches, performed well in a non-comparative format. Unexpected messages appeared to produce greater attention to message content, suggesting that this tactic may result in lower advertising exposure levels producing response.