PPI和CPI的非线性传导:产业链与价格预期机制

本文在PPI和CPI产业链传导机制的基础上进一步提出价格预期传导机制。产业链是物价传导的经济基础,价格预期是物价传导的实现基础。本文同时构建包含货币因素的非线性MG系统模型(MNMG模型)进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)PPI对CPI存在向下推动传导,平均时滞1至4个月,CPI对PPI存在反向反馈传导,平均时滞1至2个月;供给因素和需求因素在我国物价形成机制中均起显著作用,但需求因素更快地形成通胀(或通缩)的压力。(2)产业链和价格预期两种机制均发挥显著作用,两者一定程度上解释了物价传导的线性和非线性特征。产业链机制在CPI对PPI的反馈传导中作用更明显,而价格预期机制在PPI对CPI的推动传导中作用更明显。(3)我国PPI和CPI均存在显著的惯性持续效应,且通胀惯性作用强于物价之间的传导,一定程度上削弱物价之间的传导。(4)从政策上来看,生产领域和消费领域出现价格上涨或者紧缩时,尤其是面对当前严峻的PPI长期持续下降,预期管理是重要且必须采取的措施。     

我国消费价格指数与生产价格指数传导关系变化规律及启示

我国长期内消费价格指数(CPI)与生产价格指数(PPI)之间存在协整和相互格兰杰因果关系,但在经济周期不同阶段内的传导关系并不相同。在经济上行阶段,CPI领先于PPI;而在经济下行阶段,PPI领先于CPI。传导关系的变化主要来自不同经济周期阶段企业行为的差异。传导关系的改变意味着不同时期我国的货币政策等宏观调控政策应关注不同的价格指标。     

上网电价波动对中国PPI和CPI水平波动的传导机制——基于VAR模型的实证分析

2003年以来,中国电煤价格快速上涨和"电荒"频现迫使政府多次上调上网电价。然而,在通胀压力较大的经济背景下,上调上网电价是否对PPI和CPI构成重大影响,并进而导致通胀加剧的疑问亟待回答。本文在建立VAR模型的基础上,通过脉冲响应函数与方差分解,研究了上网电价波动对中国PPI和CPI水平波动的传导机制。分析结果表明,2003年以来上网电价的上涨对中国PPI和CPI的影响都比较小,并没有导致通胀加剧;上网电价波动对PPI和CPI的作用持续时间分别约为6个月和3个月左右,其中对PPI的影响比对CPI的影响要大;价格传导机制主要是从上网电价→PPI和上网电价→CPI;两者反向传导以及PPI→CPI并不畅通,但CPI→PPI的反馈效应不容忽视。进而本文提出了适当上调上网电价、继续规制销售电价等政策建议。     

需求拉动,还是投资推动——基于新一轮通胀周期的实证研究

对通货膨胀及其成因的研究一直是宏观经济学与政府政策的一项重要内容。本文通过建立向量误差修正模型(VECM),对我国1997～2009年新一周期的通货膨胀进行实证研究。结果发现,月度消费价格指数(CPI)和工业品出厂价格指数(PPI)之间存在长期均衡关系,其格兰杰因果关系走向是CPI影响PPI,即价格传导走向是自下而上,而不是相反。这也就是说,总需求的扩张仍是此阶段通货膨胀的根源,所谓结构性通胀、输入型通胀等非典型通胀的解释得不到实证支持。研究还发现,在解释现阶段通胀中,供给价格弹性和巨型经济体是需要注意的两个因素。     

PPI与CPI背离、金融摩擦异质性与货币政策选择

2011年下半年到2016年初PPI与CPI长时间持续背离的现象一直受到社会各界普遍关注.本文从大宗商品价格、上下游生产结构与金融摩擦异质性视角分析了这一现象,并探讨了货币政策规则的选择.研究发现:(1)负向大宗商品价格冲击导致PPI的下降,由此带来的货币政策宽松与中国结构性金融摩擦分别从需求端和成本端拉升了 CPI,从而导致PPI与CPI的反向背离,这为PPI与CPI的背离提供了新的理论解释.(2)本文比较了盯住PPI通胀、CPI通胀以及两者加权通胀的货币政策规则,发现盯住加权通胀带来的福利损失最小,表明央行在稳定CPI的同时,也应重视对PPI的稳定.(3)本文比较了价格型与数量型货币政策工具,结果表明从福利角度看,价格型货币政策工具显著优于数量型工具.此外,本文强调了上下游金融摩擦异质性这一结构性特征对认识中国经济现象以及制定政策的重要含义.     

通货膨胀不确定性：内涵及影响

通货膨胀不确定性是通货膨胀不可预测部分的方差。通胀不确定性的大小取决于国内外经济金融形势和政府威信。通货膨胀对通胀不确定性有正向影响．通胀不确定性通过影响通胀预期而间接影响通货膨胀。通货膨胀不确定性对经济的影响可分为事前影响和事后影响。实证检验发现,通胀不确定性与通货膨胀之间有很强的双向格兰杰因果关系：如果经济保持快速增长,通胀不确定性对经济的干扰会不断加大,控制通胀不确定性的意义也就更加重大。     

CPI与PPI的非线性Granger因果关系研究——基于深圳市月度数据的实证分析

文章基于深圳市2005年1月至2013年12月的居民消费价格指数(CPI)和工业生产者出厂价格指数(PPI),运用非线性Granger因果关系检验,从非线性的角度考察深圳市的CPI与PPI之间的作用关系,并采用逐步检验方法对CPI与PPI之间在不同时期的作用关系进行动态分析。非线性Granger因果关系检验的结果表明,在所考察的样本时期内,存在着由PPI到CPI的单向非线性Granger因果关系。逐步检验则进一步显示,PPI是引起CPI变化的非线性Granger因果原因。这说明供给因素在以CPI衡量的通货膨胀中占优于需求因素,也意味着上游生产要素的价格上涨将传导至下游消费品的价格,以致加大了成本推动通货膨胀的压力。因此,治理通货膨胀应采取以供给调控为主的政策,并适时适度地根据CPI与PPI之间的动态关系进行宏观调控。     

对我国CPI与PPI关系研究——基于季节调整后的数据分析

选取1997年1月～2011年12月间我国月度CPI和PPI数据进行了定基处理和季节调整,然后在其基础上建立了VAR模型。该模型分析的结果表明CPI和PPI之间存在协整关系。格兰杰因果检验分析结果表明,在5%的显著性水平下,CPI与PPI互为格兰杰因果。方差分解的结果表明,CPI和PPI自己对自己的变化的贡献率比较大。     

消费者价格指数与生产者价格指数:谁带动谁?

消费者价格指数(CPI)与生产者价格指数(PPI)是相互联系并有显著区别的概念。两者之间的因果关系或非因果关系有多种可能情形。本文对中国消费者价格指数(CPI)和生产者价格指数(PPI)2001年1月至2008年7月数据的格兰杰因果检验结果显示,在所考察时期内,消费者价格指数是生产者价格指数变动的格兰杰原因,后者经过1—3个月左右的时滞对前者的变动作出反应。这个结果很可能意味着,在所考察时期内,在影响以消费者价格指数(CPI)来衡量的国内通货膨胀中,需求方面的因素相对大于供给方面的作用,尽管需求因素和供给因素都共同地影响了国内通货膨胀的走势。     

CPI与PPI持续性“背离”的结构性解释

本文基于新凯恩斯框架考察三种外生冲击对CPI和PPI的影响,并尝试对CPI与PPI"背离"进行解释。研究发现:(1)货币政策冲击对CPI、PPI的影响存在非对称性,央行货币调控时应更加关注利率调整对PPI的影响;(2)短期内需求冲击更易引致价格波动,且对CPI影响大于PPI;长期内供给冲击对价格波动影响强于需求冲击,且对PPI影响大于CPI。同时,本文发现财政因素也是导致CPI与PPI"背离"的原因。本文认为当前政府短期可通过完善需求管理抑制CPI与PPI"背离"程度扩大,长期应坚持供给侧改革以扭转二者"背离"趋势,以此健全新常态下价格调控体系并促进经济行稳致远。     

Causality between consumer price and producer price: Evidence from Mexico

We examine the relationship between two inflation indices, consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) for Mexico, a case study country which has successfully implemented inflation targeting after the economic crisis and high inflationary situation in 1995. Since the causality running from PPI to CPI exemplifies the cost push nature of inflation and the opposite is the indicator of demand pull inflation, this analysis could provide significant policy implications. We contribute to the literature by decomposing the time–frequency relationship between CPI and PPI through continuous wavelet approach. Our results indicate a bidirectional relationship between CPI and PPI. In short periods (1 to 7 months scale) CPI is leading PPI, while for longer periods (8 to 32 months scale) PPI is the leading variable.     

消费物价指数与生产者价格指数:谁带动谁?

The consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI) are interrelated but significantly different concepts. Relationships between the two indices may be that of causality or non-causality. The paper conducts a Granger-causality test on China’s CPI and PPI data for the period from January 2001 to August 2008, and finds that CPI Granger causes the change in PPI, and the latter reacts to the former with a time lag of 1–3 months. The result may suggest that in contemporary Chinese economy, demand-side factors have played a more important role than supply-side factors, although the two sides both have influences on domestic inflation trend which is measured by CPI. __________ Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2008, (11): 16–26     

Does productivity growth lower inflation in Korea?

We investigate Granger causality between productivity growth and inflation in Korea using quarterly data for the period 1985Q1–2002Q4. Our results indicate unidirectional Granger causality from productivity growth to inflation. In light of such causality, we estimate the effect of productivity and other variables on productivity. According to our regression results, a 1% increase in labour and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) reduces Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation by 0.07–0.08% and 0.37–0.44%, respectively. Our results also suggest that the productivity-inflation nexus became stronger in Korea since the Asian financial crisis, and that this was largely due to structural reform and technological progress.     

Asymmetric and Time‐Varying Causality between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in G‐7 Countries

We use Granger causality tests within a conditional Gaussian Markov switching vector autoregressive (MS‐VAR) model using monthly data for G‐7 countries covering the period 1959:12–2008:10 to examine the relationship between inflation and inflation‐uncertainty. The MS‐VAR model allows us to model parameter time‐variation so as to reflect changes in Granger causality, assuming that these changes are stochastic and governed by an unobservable Markov chain. Inflation uncertainty is measured as the conditional variance generated by a Fractionally Integrated Smooth Transition Autoregressive Moving Average‐Asymmetric Power ARCH (FISTARMA‐APARCH) model. The distinguishing feature of our approach from the previous studies is the determination of the sign of the Granger causality relationship between inflation and its uncertainty over time. First, using a rolling VAR model, we show that the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty is time varying with frequent breaks. Second, using the MS‐VAR model, we obtain strong evidence in favour of the Holland's ‘stabilizing Fed hypothesis’ for Canada, France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States. We also find evidence in favour of the Friedman hypothesis for Canada and the United States.     

Threshold cointegration between inflation and US capacity utilization

An analogue to the Phillips curve shows a positive relationship between inflation and capacity utilization. Some recent empirical work has shown that this relationship has broken down when using data after the mid-1980s. We empirically investigate this issue using several threshold error correction models. We find, in the long run, a 1% increase in the rate of inflation leads to approximately a 0.0046% increase in capacity utilization. The asymmetric error correction structure shows that changes in capacity utilization show significant corrective measures only during booms while changes in inflation correct during both phases of the business cycle with the corrections being stronger during recessions. We also find that, in the short run, changes in the inflation rate do Granger cause capacity utilization while changes in capacity utilization do not Granger cause inflation. The Granger causality from inflation to capacity utilization can be interpreted as supporting recent calls made in the popular press by some economists that it may be desirable for the Federal Reserve Bank to try to induce some inflation. However, it is also possible to interpret these Granger causality results as arising because both variables respond to some more fundamental set of variables with the inflation rate simply responding sooner. The lack of Granger causality from capacity utilization to inflation casts doubt on the older view that capacity utilization could be a leading indicator for future inflation.     

The U.S. inflation process: Does nominal wage inflation cause price inflation,vice-versa,or neither?

Low unemployment has revived concerns about accelerated inflation. This paper examines the relationship between price and nominal wage inflation. It finds that it varies by business cycle. Prior to the great oil shock of 1973, price and nominal wage inflation were unconnected in a Granger-causal sense. In the 1970s, wage inflation caused price inflation. In the 1980s, the relationship reversed and price inflation caused nominal wage inflation. In the 1990s, the pattern has changed again, and there is some weak evidence of bidirectional causality between wages and PPI inflation. However, wages continue to have no impact on CPI inflation, which is widely viewed as one of the Fed's target variables. This suggests that wage inflation should be de-emphasized as a monetary policy information variable.     

股票价格、实体经济与货币政策研究——基于我国1997-2011年的经验证据

本文运用格兰杰因果关系检验和向量自回归方法分析了1997年1月至2011年6月我国股票价格、GDP、通货膨胀率和货币政策的关系,实证结果表明,在中国,股票价格对通货膨胀的效应为正向,即股市上涨能带动通货膨胀水平的上涨。股票市场对GDP的影响短期内主要表现为替代效应,长期来看,则是财富效应和投资效应占主导;同时,货币供应量和利率对股票价格均有影响,但影响均不显著。通过格兰杰因果关系检验发现,利率变动导致货币供应量和股票价格发生变化。而货币供应量的变化影响着通货膨胀,也一定程度影响利率和股票价格。通过广义脉冲响应发现,中国人民银行紧缩性的利率政策并不能抑制股票价格上涨。增加货币供给短期内能够推动股市上涨,但长期对股市仍没有效果。     

加工贸易、FDI对环境污染的影响分析——基于VECM模型的实证分析

本文基于1983年～2008年我国加工贸易出口额、FDI（实际使用的外商直接投资额）和环境污染的数据,通过建立VECM模型以及进行Granger因果关系检验研究加工贸易、FDI对环境污染的影响。结果表明：从长期看FDI的流入能够在一定程度上减轻我国的环境压力,短期两者的因果关系不明显;而无论长期还是短期,加工贸易都在相当程度上恶化了我国的环境。