河南农民工资性收入增长的阶段性特征及其启示

农民工资性收入是指农村劳动力受雇于单位或个人,通过提供劳动而得到的货币收入,其来源主要有三:一是在非企业组织中得到的收入,二是在本地企业中得到的收入,三是外出从业得到的收入。根据三项来源比重的差异,可以把改革开放后河南省农民工资性收入增长划分为四个阶段,即在非企业组织中劳动收入为主的阶段、在本地企业劳动收入为主的阶段、外出务工收入为主的阶段,以及在本地企业劳动收入为主的阶段。农民获取工资性收入将越来越取决于农村居民在本地企业劳动得到的收入。以新农村建设为依托,调整农村产业结构,加快小城镇建设,鼓励支持返乡农民工创业,拓宽农村劳动力就地转移就业的渠道,是现阶段提高农民工资性收入的主要途径。     

Dreams of urbanization: Quantitative case studies on the local impacts of nuclear power facilities using the synthetic control method

This paper uses the synthetic control (SC) method to examine how the establishment of nuclear power facilities (NPFs) in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s has affected local per capita income levels in the municipalities in which they were localted (NPF municipalities). Eight quantitative case studies using the SC method clarify that the effects of NPF establishment on per capita taxable income levels are highly heterogeneous. The estimated effects are often economically meaningful and in some cases huge: the income level was 11% higher on average and 62% higher in one municipality in 2002 when compared with counterfactual units. On the other hand a few of the NPF municipalities have received only weak or negligible effects from NPF establishment. The post-estimation comparisons of employment between the NPF municipalities and the SC units suggest that the size of the direct labor demand shocks and subsequent indirect employment effects on nontradable service sectors have contributed to the increase in per capita income levels.     

Financial performance and the long‐term link with HR practices,work climate and job stress

Using data front a large financial services organisation in the Netherlands, this article reports a longitudinal study at the business unit level. The study addresses the question of which longitudinal relations exist between survey data on perceived HR practices, work climate and job stress on the one hand, and prospective and retrospective financial performance on the other. Data from 223 business units were available for this study. Eight scales were selected from an employee survey answered by 18,142 respondents. These were aggregated to mean scores at the business unit level. Financial performance is operationalised by a yearly profits‐to‐costs ratio. Correcting for employee and business unit characteristics, the eight survey scales predict 22 per cent of the variance in business unit financial performance in the year after the survey.‘Co‐operation between departments’ appears to be the most important predictor. Equally strong evidence was friund for a reverse causation sequence: business unit financial performance in the year before the survey was a significant predictor for four out of eight survey scales, especially for ‘co‐operation between departments’ and ‘job security’. The results underline the importance of studying variance in HR and performance variables within large organisatiuns, and the possibilities of using employee surveys in this research context. Limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.     

The growth of information workers in the US economy, 1950–2000: the role of technological change,computerization, and structural change

Using data from the decennial US Censuses of 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, I construct matrices of employment by 267 occupations and 64 industries and then aggregate the occupations into four categories: (i) knowledge producers; (ii) data processors; (iii) service workers; and (iv) goods-processing workers. I find that information workers (the sum of the first two categories) increased from 37% of the workforce in 1950 to 59% in 2000. Then, using an input–output decomposition analysis, I find that the growth in information workers was driven not by a shift in tastes toward information-intensive goods and services (as measured by the composition of final demand) but rather by a roughly equal combination of the substitution of information workers for goods and service workers within the structure of production of industries and the unbalanced growth effect (from differential rates of industry productivity growth). Finally, on the basis of regression analysis, I find that R&D expenditures and computer investment are positively associated with the growth in knowledge workers but negatively associated with the growth of data workers.     

Coping Strategies in a Wealthy City of Northern Italy

The article focuses on the coping strategies of three categories of people usually considered to be at risk of becoming socially excluded — single mothers with minor children, long‐term unemployed males and foreign immigrants — in the northern Italian city of Milan. The concept of social exclusion, often used as an alternative to the concept of poverty, occasionally as its synonym, is here intended as multidimensional, dynamic and, most of all, relational. The article shows how this concept can be useful in analysing the condition of the three categories of people and how their condition is strongly related to the constraints and resources offered by the local context. Through the empirical material gathered from in‐depth interviews with the three above‐mentioned categories of people, the article first shows how these people profit from the labour market and the social services available in the city. It then analyses the role of social networks and the mechanisms behind the mobilization of people in support of the interviewees. Finally, it deals with the subjective dimension, that is, it examines whether, and to what extent, interviewees express feelings of uselessness. A visualization of the strategies will also be proposed. The empirical material will help to understand whether these people are socially excluded or not, and in which sense.     

Fringe Benefits of Workers in Nonmanufacturing Industries

A bstract . Fringe benefits have increased rapidly during recent decades. While determinants of manufacturing workers' fringes have been investigated, little information is available about those of nonmanufacturing workers. In this study we investigate factors that determine the levels of fringes of office and nonoffice workers provided by private-sector nonmanufacturing establishments. The factors are classified by characteristics of employees (such as income, marginal tax rate, union status ), of firms (such as size, location and industry ), and other variables. Using regression analysis we find employee income, marginal tax rate, union status and firm size consistently and positively related to fringe benefits. Other variables'coefficients in the equation usually possess the sign predicted by the model but sometimes do not attain statistical significance at conventional levels. We conclude that economic models of fringe benefits accurately represent behavior in nonmanufacturing establishments.     

Global indeterminacy and equilibrium selection in a model with depletion of non-renewable resources

We use the principles of global bifurcation analysis to explore the role of fiscal policy in a model where non-renewable depletion presents stock effects. Initially, we show that fiscal policy may induce the onset of two coexisting steady states, one of which is characterized by a lower depletion rate and higher income (virtuous steady state) than the other (bad steady state). Then, we shed light on the ability of an endogenous fiscal policy to act as an equilibrium selection device. We find that when the economy is sufficiently patient and exhibits low capital returns and environmental parameters, fiscal policy can create a continuum of equilibria that leads to the virtuous steady state. In the opposite situation of an impatient economy, which has high capital returns and environmental parameters, fiscal policy can only create one perfect-foresight path (a heteroclinic trajectory) through which the economy can approach the virtuous steady state.     

中国转轨时期宏观经济政策传导机制及政策效应的模拟分析

在中国从计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转变过程中，作为平抑经济周期波动、稳定经济发展的各项宏观经济政策发挥了不可忽视的作用。本文根据中国在转轨时期所具有的经济特点，构建了一个小型的宏观经济联立方程模型，并根据中国当前的经济形势，模拟了2003-2004年货币政策和财政政策对宏观经济的影响。得出的结论为，由于传导机制的不畅，导致我国当前货币政策的效果、旨在增加农村居民收入的减税政策的效果不明显，而扩大城镇居民消费的、提高职工工资的政策效果则比较显著。     

Love thy neighbor: Income distribution and housing preferences

Do homeowners prefer living in an area with a more equal distribution of income? We answer this question by estimating a semi-parametric hedonic pricing model for about 90,000 housing units transacted in Hong Kong between 2005 and 2006. We first identify a hedonic price function by locally regressing the rental price of the housing unit on its intrinsic and neighborhood characteristics, one of which is the Gini coefficient for household income of the constituency area. We then combine the estimates with a log utility function to obtain the heterogeneous preference parameters. Finally, we estimate the joint distribution of the preference parameters and demographics. We find that most homeowners have a strong distaste for inequality in their neighborhood, and the distaste increases with income and goes down with education level. Counterfactual experiments show that reallocating public rental housing by half can increase the welfare of homeowners by about HK$8,000 on average per year, an amount which is equivalent to increasing the housing unit by 20 square feet or reducing the age of the unit by 5 years.     

Fiscal consolidation and its cross-country effects

We build a new Keynesian DSGE model consisting of two heterogeneous countries in a monetary union. We study how public debt consolidation in a country with high debt (like Italy) affects welfare in a country with solid public finances (like Germany). Our results show that debt consolidation in the high-debt country benefits the country with solid public finances over all time horizons, while, in Italy, debt consolidation is productive in the medium and long term. All this is with optimized feedback policy rules. On the other hand, fiscal consolidation hurts both countries and all the time, if it is implemented in an ad hoc way, like an increase in taxes. The least distorting fiscal mix from the point of view of both countries is the one which, during the early phase of pain, Italy cuts public consumption spending to address its debt problem and, at the same time, reduces income tax rates, while, once its debt has been reduced in the later phase, it uses the fiscal space to further cut income taxes.     

Fiscal Explanations for Inflation: Any Evidence from Transition Economies?

Recent arguments, motivated partly by the new fiscal theory of price level, suggest that fiscal deficits undermine price stability in transition economies. This paper addresses these claims by examining vector-autoregressive models of inflation for three transition economies (Bulgaria, Romania and Russia). The results indicate that fiscal deficits have increased inflation in Bulgaria and Romania but not in the case of Russia. In Bulgaria and Romania, money aggregates and exchange rate have also been more influential to inflation than fiscal deficits. The analysis based on this method therefore suggests that while fiscal deficits have some influence on inflation, monetary factors mostly determine inflation in these three countries.     

Life-cycle variations in the association between current and lifetime earnings: Evidence for German natives and guest workers

In many economic models a central variable of interest is lifetime or permanent income which is not observed in survey data sets and typically proxied by annual income information. To assess the quality of such approximations, we use a unique source of lifetime earnings — the German pension system — and focus on two important issues that have been largely ignored in the existing literature. The first is how to deal with zero income observations in the analysis of women. The second is whether these approximations differ between natives and guest workers. For female earners, we find that estimates of the associations between current and lifetime income are highly sensitive to the treatment of zero earnings. The reason turns out to be the highly cyclical nature of the labor supply behavior of mothers. Furthermore, immigrants' income proxies are prone to significantly larger attenuation biases over the entire life-cycle. This result is explained by the larger share of annual income variance attributable to the transitory income component for immigrants. Averaging income over up to 15 years alleviates the attenuation bias as well as the difference in biases between natives and guest workers.     

新生代农民工的收入对幸福感的影响研究——以武汉市为例

基于对武汉市新生代农民工的抽样调查结果,运用单因素分析方法,研究了收入对新生代农民工幸福感的影响。发现绝对收入对新生代农民工的幸福感有着显著影响,并没有出现"收入-幸福悖论";而且相对收入越高,大体上看幸福感也越强。在实证研究结果的基础上,从收入角度出发,提出了提高新生代农民工幸福感水平的政策建议。     

Evaluating the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on unemployment,income distribution and poverty in Turkey

In the recent World Economic Outlook, the IMF indicates that world output shrank by 3.5% in 2020. Despite all pessimistic expectations, the Turkish economy was one of the few countries to have a positive, albeit low, economic growth rate in 2020. This was, however, achieved at the expense of high social and economic costs. The present research examines the distributional costs of this economic growth during the pandemic and suggests economic measures required to control them. The empirical examination is based on generating unavailable income and living conditions for 2020 by using the results available in TurkStat’s 2017 Income and Living Conditions Survey. The actual changes in sectoral output and employment, which are available as of March 2021, are used to generate changes in the income levels of households in TurkStat’s 2017 survey. The research empirically shows that adequate fiscal support with a large scope for households and businesses is necessary to compensate for economic losses caused by the pandemic. The short-run working allowance policy appears to have been very important to improve income distribution, which might have deteriorated due to the pandemic. Direct cash support to households is considered another essential policy measure that is required to mitigate the severity of increased poverty.     

我国知识型员工流失研究综述

知识型员工作为知识的载体,是现代企业最重要的资源。近年,其流失越来越受到学者的关注。已有的研究成果按照研究内容可以归纳为四类:知识型员工流失的原因和影响因素研究;知识型员工流失的风险控制研究;心理契约的知识型员工流失分析。其中,从心理契约角度进行的研究,已经成为近年的新趋势。但就总体而言,目前国内对知识型员工的研究尚处于起步阶段,实证研究相对缺乏;对如何控制其流失的研究还有待进一步深入。     

中国快速城市化时期农民工住房类型及其评价

城市化过程中来自农村的城市移民的住房问题是城市化过程中的突出问题之一,这个问题解决不好就会出现如巴西和印度等国家大量的城市贫民窟,成为城市发展的“肿瘤”.在分析中国城市农民工住房的基础上,从城市化、城市空间结构、经济和社会发展等角度评估现有的比较典型的农民工住房类型,最后提出几点政策和规划建议.     

我国土地出让收入增长的影响因素与地区差异——基于空间动态面板模型的实证研究

利用1999～2008年的省级面板数据和空间动态面板广义矩(GMM)估计方法,本文考察了我国各地区土地出让收入增长的影响因素和地区差异。研究发现,各地方政府的土地出让收入间存在横向竞争,土地出让收入在全国范围内呈现一定的收敛性。财政分权程度、经济发展水平和市场化水平是影响各地土地出让收入增长的主要因素,并且其影响程度和方向呈现明显的地区差异。具体而言,东部地区的横向竞争程度高于全国平均水平和中西部地区。财政分权和经济发展水平对东部地区土地出让收入增长的影响不显著,市场化水平的影响显著为正。而财政分权对中西部地区土地出让收入增长的影响显著为负,经济发展水平的影响显著为正,市场化水平的影响不显著。     

Comparing motivating work characteristics,job satisfaction,and turnover intention of knowledge workers and blue-collar workers,and testing a structural model of the variables' relationships in China and Japan

This research examines motivating work characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of knowledge workers and blue-collar workers in China and Japan. The differences in these three variables were, respectively, compared between knowledge workers and blue-collar workers in China and Japan. A structural model of the relationships among the three variables was particularly proposed and investigated. Based on data from an international survey, the characteristics of knowledge workers were first compared with those of blue-collar workers in the same country, and then compared with those of knowledge workers in the other country. Finally, the structural model of the three variables' relationships was examined using a multi-sample analysis of the LISREL method across the countries. There were many significant differences found between knowledge workers and blue-collar workers and between China and Japan. As fundamentally predicted, knowledge workers were found to have higher motivating work characteristics than blue-collar workers in each country. More importantly, a similar structural model of the relationships among the variables was found across the countries.     

Why is group-based pay perceived as meaningful,meaningless or negative? Exploring the meanings of pay suggested by reflection theory

This study explored the propositions of the reflection theory of pay [Thierry (2001), Work Motivation in the Context of a Globalizing Economy, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 149–166]. The theory is grounded in theories of individual motivation. However, in a group-based pay context more socially oriented motivational factors may also play a role. In addition, the theory does not take into account that pay may have negative meanings. In this study, we have adopted a qualitative approach to improve the understanding of what meanings group-based pay may have. The research questions were the following: (1) why is group-based result-oriented pay perceived as meaningful, (2) why is group-based result-oriented pay perceived as meaningless and (3) why is group-based result-oriented pay perceived to have a negative meaning. To study the meanings attached to group-based pay, we conducted 29 focus group interviews (88 employees) in six municipal organizations in Finland. The results showed that the reasons for perceiving group-based pay as meaningful were related to the value of money, compensation for performance, the positive messages signalled by the pay and positive outcomes. On the other hand, when pay was perceived as meaningless, the arguments were related to the weak instrumentality of money, weak links between performance and pay, incompatibility and lack of knowledge. The negative meanings were related to negative message conveyed by the pay and its outcomes. When these results were compared with four meanings proposed by reflection theory, all four categories were found in the speech of the interviewees. In addition, two new categories were found and designated as ‘messages’ and ‘outcomes’. These new categories were theoretically linked to social identity theory.     

农村劳动力向城市迁移的影响因素分析

文中从宏观和微观两个层面对农村劳动力向城市迁移的影响因素进行了分析,在此基础上建了多元线性回归的计量模型,并利用2000年到2009年间的统计数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,务农和进城打工的收入差距、进城打工收入与城镇居民收入之间的差距和城镇失业率这三个宏观层面的因素是影响农村劳动力向城市迁移的主要因素。