实用主义:美国创新机制的哲学基础

实用主义被誉为“美国精神”。倡导自由,追求民主是实用主哲学的精髓之一,奉行民主、自由、多元的实用主义哲学为美国创新机制的形成和发展提供了一个良好的社会氛围;实用主义哲学是一种进取哲学,为美国创新机制的形成和发展提供了强大的精神力量;实用主义注重实践的方法论,是美国创新机制形成中所不可或缺的重要因素;实用主义鼓励人们去大胆假设,勇于冒险为美国创新机制的形成和进一步完善,营造了良好的社会心理环境;实用主义所提倡的“逐步改善”的原则,从思想方法上对创新思维和创新制度给与了正确的指导,促进了美国创新机制形成和发展。     

Advertising and Quality in the U.S. Market for Automobiles

Using data consisting of domestic and foreign automobiles over the period 1985-1990, the hypothesis that advertising serves as a signal of higher quality is empirically tested. This is accomplished by examining how advertising levels vary with a quality measure that is not observable at the time of purchase but becomes available subsequent to a model's release. Above average quality results in expenditures that are 15% higher than average quality outlays. Lending further support to the signalling hypothesis, the positive advertising–quality relationship holds strongest when a model significantly improves in quality relative to the previous year's model.     

美国的债务、金融泡沫及其对世界的影响

2005年全球经济的失衡成为世界经济的热门话题,国际经济组织与许多著名经济学家都参与了这场辩论.一个不可争辩的事实是,全球经济的确失衡了.它表现为:各国之间经济增长的差距在拉大、单个国家内及国家之间的贫富收入差距在扩大、各国的储蓄与投资差距似乎也在扩大,发达国家与发展中国家相互之间及发展集团之间的差距在扩大,等等.     

Daily price adjustments in the U.S. market for natural gas

A daily model of cash market for natural gas in the U.S. is presented and estimated over 1997. The model develops the notion that the expected rather than the actual amount of gas in storage (along with weather) and storage changes impact the current daily cash price. These notions are supported by the estimations presented. At the daily observation level, reported changes in storage levels are signals that actual consumption or production are either as expected and result in no price pressure or are not as expected and do result in price pressures.     

Factors That Account for the Large Variations in U.S. Export Prices

Using product level U.S. export data from 1989 to 2001, there is evidence that U.S. exporters price discriminate across markets. Variation in the quality of the products is one reason for the observed price differentiation. U.S. exporters also price discriminate based on transaction costs. Finally, U.S. exporters practice pricing-to-market and this pricing strategy is another source of the variations in U.S. export prices. Some of these conclusions though are weakened when export prices toward the center of the price distribution are considered. JEL no. F14     

美、德战略石油储备差异的原因及启示

美、德两国战略石油储备运作机制存在很大差异，差异背后的深层原因是经济体制差异、法律体制差异以及文化传统差异。我国战略石油储备运作机制应以此为鉴，同中国的经济体制、法治体制以及社会大众的观念有机地、动态地结合起来。文章建议：建立以国企为主，民企共建的战略石油储备；尽旱将各方权利与义务纳入法治；坚持征收石油消费税，并用部分税收支持战略石油储备项目。     

Field Experiment Tests for Discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. Rental Housing Market

This article tests for discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. rental housing market using e‐mail correspondence with landlords advertising units online. We divide Hispanics into two groups: those that appear assimilated into American culture and recent immigrants. We find little difference in the treatment of assimilated Hispanics and whites; however, Hispanics we portray as recent immigrants receive less favorable treatment with margins of net discrimination as large as 6.89% of landlords. We also find discrimination varies significantly at the region level and by the ethnic composition of neighborhoods.     

Oil characteristics and the U. S. demand for foreign crude by region of origin

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Canadian Economics Association Meetings in Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 1986. We are grateful to Paul Bradley, Ragaei El Mallakh, Phil Graves, and John Livernois for their comments, and to Pierre Allan and Edward Azar for helpful suggestions.     

R & D expenditures and import competition: Some evidence for the U.S.

Zusammenfassung F & E-Ausgaben und Importkonkurrenz. Einige Befunde für die USA. - Die Verfasser untersuchen den Einflu? der Importkonkurrenz auf die F & E-Aktivit?ten der amerikanischen Industrie. Die theoretische Diskussion deutet daraufhin, da? eine verst?rkte Importkonkurrenz die F & E-Ausgaben nur in hochtechnologischen Industriezweigen erh?ht, w?hrend Industrien mit geringerer Technologie wahrscheinlich als Antwort andere Strategien w?hlen. Der empirische Befund für die Jahre 1972-87 scheint diese Annahme zu best?tigen.

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Résumé Des dépenses pour la R & D et la concurrence de l’importation: Quelques preuves pour les Etats Unis. - Dans cette étude les auteurs examinent l’effet de la concurrence de l’importation sur l’activité de R & D dans l’industrie américaine. La discussion théorique propose qu’une intensification de la concurrence de l’importation augmenterait les dépenses pour la R & D seulement dans les industries d’une technologie supérieure tandis que les industries d’une technologie inférieure probablement choisiraient une réaction différente. Les preuves empiriques pour les années 1972 à 1987 semblent confirmer cette proposition.

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Resurnen Gasto en I & D e importaciones competitivas: alguna evidencia para los EE UU. - En este trabajo se investiga el impacto de importaciones competitivas sobre la actividad de I & D en la industria de los EE UU. La discusión teórica sugiere que un aumento de la competencia por parte de las importaciones podria elevar el gasto en I & D de las industrias de tecnología avanzada, mientras que en las industrias de menor nivel tecnológico la respuesta podría ser diferente. La evidencia empírica para los a?os 1972–1987 parece confirmar esta propositión.

     

美国双层股权结构的经验及其对我国的启示

股权结构、股权集中度与公司治理机制的作用密切相关,而一国的公司股权集中度与该国的股东保护、法治、会计准则的完善有密切关系。本文主要分析美国的双层股权结构的形成、特征以及作用,并根据其经验研究中国公司的股权结构发展和法律法规的完善。     

Gold options,an attractive investment instrument for the non-U.S. investor — the case of the Belgian and Dutch investor

Summary Gold has always been an investment instrument whose popularity is closely linked to economic and political instability. Since gold transactions occur in U.S. dollars any investor with a non-U.S. dollar base currency will therefore assume exchange risk exposure. Empirical evidence is given that the gold price has historically varied inversely with the strength of the U.S. dollar. The investor whose base currency is not the dollar, i.e. the Belgian franc or Dutch guilder, incurs less risk when investing in gold than his dollar counterpart.     

A Permanent Jobs Program for the U.S.: Economic Restructuring to Meet Human Needs

This paper proposes a jobs program to address both the chronic problems of unemployment and underemployment in the U.S. economy and the debilitating economic and political impacts of growing inequality in the U.S. The jobs program consists of three parts. First, the reduction of unemployment and underemployment by stimulating output, either under public or private auspices, of infrastructure, or social investment, in areas such as: transportation, education, health care, human services, and parks. Second, to recognize and respond to the failure of the private market to provide needed current public services, which will include a massive upgrading of pay and working conditions of these ??human service?? jobs by expanding public employment, sharing the costs of an enhanced and expanded social safety net. Third, to, explicitly and as a matter of industrial policy, target government investment and overall job growth towards the industries of the future, particularly in the areas of energy, agriculture, and other broadly defined ??green?? technologies.     

打造山东对外开放第一窗口

2005年3月28日,在山东的民航史上,是一个将被载入史册的日子,因为就在这一天,济南国际机场新航站区正式启用.     

对我国上市公司配股的财务行为分析

21世纪的企业竞争将是形象竞争 ,如何通过公关策划 ,针对企业发展的现状和特点 ,塑造其良好的企业形象 ,是企业在激烈的市场竞争中保持生机和活力的重要法宝。