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1.
BEN COUSINS 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2009,9(3):421-431
An insightful study of the complexities of land reform in South Africa is reviewed, and its key arguments assessed. The study astutely combines ethnographic and historical detail from in-depth case studies in Mpumalanga Province with critical analysis of land reform policies, and locates these within larger theoretical debates on property rights, citizenship and identity. The author argues that a profound and unresolved tension exists within South Africa's land reform programme between broad and inclusive conceptions of 'rights' that are linked to notions of restored citizenship and sovereignty, and a conception of 'property' as individualized ownership of land, implying a much narrower conception of citizenship. The study also focuses on the roles of a variety of mediators and 'brokers' in land reform. Despite its many strengths, the study is not entirely convincing, partly because some key policy debates are mischaracterized. Its treatment of questions of agricultural production, rural livelihoods and the political economy of agrarian change is somewhat disappointing. 相似文献
2.
Veronica Orellano Paulo Furquim Azevedo Maria Sylvia Saes Viviam Ester Nascimento 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2015,66(3):660-671
This paper investigates empirically the effect of land invasions on farm production decisions. The main hypothesis is that more invasions in a region are associated with lower investment, and in particular a bias towards annual crops as opposed to long‐term crops. We use a county‐level dataset for the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2003 to 2007, with 1,995 observations. The panel data structure allows us to control for fixed effects, such as the formalisation of land titles and land concentration, which might be correlated with the intensity of invasions. An instrumental variable fixed effects model was estimated to avoid other sources of bias. Our main finding is that land invasions are associated with lower long‐term crop production and a higher percentage of annual crops, which could accelerate land degradation, and undermine environmental sustainability. 相似文献
3.
采用制度分析法和因果分析法从产权制度与土地整合的关系研究出发,分析了土地整合中的产权调整方式与产权调整过程中的利益均衡,提出土地整合中存在的产权问题,最后提出通过加快土地整合权属调整的理论研究和实践经验分析评估,以第二次全国土地调查为契机加快推进确权登记工作,加强土地整合中的权属管理,建立健全土地整合中的产权调整机制。 相似文献
4.
研究目的:在\"三权分置\"背景下探索农地的集体所有权、承包权和经营权的合理分置路径。研究方法:文献分析法、比较法。研究结果:(1)官方主流观点认为,\"三权分置\"就是坚持集体所有权不变,将原承包经营权拆分为承包权和经营权。(2)法学界质疑这种分离逻辑,认为承包经营权并不包含承包权和经营权,\"三权分置\"就是坚持集体所有权不变,在原土地承包经营权之上创设另一个经营权。(3)这两种\"三权\"分置路径均排除了集体所有权的参与,也未意识到\"三权分置\"改革对集体所有权缺陷的修补作用。研究结论:经比较发现,更合理的农地\"三权\"的分置路径应当是,在具有\"总有\"性质的集体所有权之上创设出具有成员权性质的农户承包权,籍此将集体所有权改造为可在实践中经由个人支配的产权形态;将原承包经营权更名为经营权,使之成为去身份化后的用益物权。 相似文献
5.
研究目的:探究国家与宗族在场情景下宅基地产权冲突与博弈的理论与实证依据,为宅基地管理实践提供参考。研究方法:理论分析以及以宗族性村落“朱宅村”征地事件为对象的纵向单案例分析。研究结果:(1)政府与朱宅村宅基地产权冲突导致宗族产生布罗代尔钟罩,以抵制宅基地产权制度自上而下的型塑;(2)在祖屋宅基地征收方面,政府与朱宅村产生了合作博弈,布罗代尔钟罩被击碎,宅基地资源配置达到了帕累托最优;(3)在宗祠宅基地征收方面,政府与朱宅村停留在非合作博弈,布罗代尔钟罩难被击碎,宅基地资源配置始终为不理想结果。研究结论:建立宗族对宅基地产权制度的认同机制,有效引导宗族典型代表,构建宗族性村落就地改造与现代化建设相融合的模式,有利于宅基地管理实践。 相似文献
6.
研究目的:通过比较分析,揭示基于物权路径引入发展权之不可行性,以期为发展权本土化研究路径的改进提供思路。研究方法:比较分析法,文献分析法。研究结果:在立法技术层面,根植于产权范式的发展权,不具备物权客体之要件,并与物权法定和所有权单一性原则相冲突。在法律逻辑层面,TDR实施的个案性与物权的对世性相矛盾,所引证的双重所有权理论和英国发展权国有化的规定失之于偏颇,土地用途管制是国家行使规划权而非发展权的结果,试图藉由地方性法规创设发展权的思路也不符合《立法法》之规定。研究结论:基于物权路径引入发展权是不可行的,未来应抛弃\"机械式\"移植观,沿着准物权和提高管制效率的方向,探索引入发展权的可能路径与方案。 相似文献
7.
Elandskloof was the first land restitution case in post-apartheid South Africa in which the government returned land to a community. The communal property association became dysfunctional, and the courts placed it under government administration. In its haste to return land to the community in the aftermath of the apartheid system the state did not set up comprehensive planning and consultative processes within government institutions, the beneficiary community and NGOs before returning the land. Consequently, the beneficiaries entertained expectations of resources that have not been met due to regulatory and institutional constraints, which have fuelled intense anger. In addition, internal community conflicts over membership eligibility and access to power and resources have bedevilled the project. The advantage of communal property associations is that they offer great flexibility in how a community can set up its land tenure system and the associated rules. However, lack of regulatory structure at the outset places great strain on a governing committee which has to create the rules, police them, judge them and administer sanctions. In Elandskloof, this occurred while the community was being reconstructed and the legitimacy of the governing committee itself was challenged. A major lesson is that the administrative structure, membership boundaries, and the land tenure rules should be established prior to land being returned to a community, and administrative powers need to be separated, at least until the community has settled. The case also raises policy questions about government administration of dysfunctional communal property associations. 相似文献
8.
‘Land grab’ has become a catch‐all phrase to refer to the current explosion of (trans)national commercial land transactions mainly revolving around the production and export of food, animal feed, biofuels, timber and minerals. Two key dimensions of the current land grab – namely, the politics of changes in land use and property relations change (and the links between them) – are not sufficiently explored in the current literature. We attempt to address this gap by offering a preliminary analysis through an analytical approach that suggests some typologies as a step towards a fuller and better understanding of the politics of global land grabbing. 相似文献
9.
中国农地信托中的权利失衡与制度重构 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究目的:中国农地信托制度对农地所有人实行偏向性保护,直接导致农地信托制度运行中的权利失衡,需要对现有权利进行重新配置。研究方法:法律实证分析、比较分析、法律解释。研究结果:(1)中国当前农地信托中存在权利失衡现象;(2)农地信托权利失衡的原因在于立法对信托人的过度保护;(3)农地所有权、自主管理权和收益权的分离运行是实现权利重构的方向。研究结论:中国农地信托应当在信托财产独立的前提下,将农地信托人主体权利从控制性转向监督性。 相似文献
10.
农地发展权的设立与土地征用制度改革 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
由于我国农村集体土地的权属关系界定不清、土地征用制度改革的严重滞后等问题,从而导致了在土地征用过程中的诸多问题,其中主要是土地增值收益的分配与对失地农民的合理补偿问题。本文试图从产权界定的角度,探讨农地发展权设立的必要性、合理性以及它对土地征用制度改革的积极影响。 相似文献
11.
研究目的:基于土地立体利用趋势及公私互促视角,研究土地产权范式由二维向三维转换的过程与机制,以期为理论推进和实践问题解决提供思路。研究方法:文献分析法,对比分析法。研究结果:国家公权力与土地产权的超长期关系演变迄今经历了混沌共生和形式分离两大阶段,构成产权界定公私互促的历史溯源;在平面开发情境下,国家通过征收权、规划权、税收权和登记权等手段,对土地产权的占有、使用、收益和处分等权能进行限制干预,塑造土地产权的外部形态,各国民法将之抽象包装为土地二维产权范式;在立体开发情境下,国家公权力沿着规划配置、空间供应、竣工验收的管理链条顺次展开,自内而外塑造土地产权的内部结构和范围边界,成为三维产权不可分割的有机组成部分。研究结论:三维产权回应土地立体开发的实践需要,提供了一个关于土地产权本体论、认识论和方法论集成认知的竞争性方案,可认为已构成一种新的产权范式。 相似文献
12.
Shaohua Zhan 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2019,19(3):447-464
Land expropriation and peasant resistance in China have been widely noted, but the many cases in which peasants consent to give up land have drawn less attention. This paper conceptualizes and examines an alternative development practice: accumulation without dispossession (AWD), a concept first developed by Gillian Hart and Giovanni Arrighi. AWD may arise if accumulation takes place without (completely) depriving rural producers of the right to assets and benefits. The paper examines multiple forms of AWD and makes two main arguments. First, land expropriation does not necessarily lead to dispossession if peasants are compensated with valuable flats, commercial venues, and/or secure jobs. Due to its positive effects on social equality and livelihood security, AWD may offer an alternative vision in the era of neoliberal dispossession. Second, the outcome of land expropriation in China has varied substantially across space and time. In general, there has been a shift away from AWD in the 1980s following the neoliberal reform in the 1990s, but in the recent decade, there has been some movement back towards AWD due to peasant protests, though only to a limited degree. Nevertheless, the majority of peasants losing land have not received compensation sufficient to sustain a secure livelihood. 相似文献
13.
土地整理的产权经济关系与土地价格评估 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
土地整理投资、整理地块经营使用及产权转移均涉及其产权经济关系的变化,而且在这一变化过程中,土地价格起着非常重要的作用。作者先针对不同土地整理方式分析其产权关系和经济关系,再从土地整理开发投资的角度分析土地整理投资与土地价格的关系,讨论了整理地块价格评估的方法,并提出整理地块的价格评估应以产权关系为基础,遵循市场规律、公正地评估其公开市场价格,引入价格机制促进土地整理的顺利发展。 相似文献
14.
西方社会将土地产权分为权能和客体两方面,并进行科学精准地界定、重组,以实现土地产权在政府管理层面与个人使用层面的均衡分配。人工不透水层作为承载社会经济发展用地类型的覆被类型,随着西方社会生态保护意识的增强而处于规划和管制当中,具体反映在土地产权主体占有地块内的建筑密度、容积率等控制指标。而土地用途分类和土地覆被分类作为土地产权的实体化反映,则构成以经济价值为维度的土地发展权的尺度性特征,实现了政府宏观管理与个体微观利用的兼容性。对我国土地产权管理的建议:土地管理应由强调土地所有制向构建土地利用管制制度转变;科学界定土地产权,转变政府职能,推动我国土地管理向民生化、微观化、精准化方向发展。 相似文献
15.
Active land markets in the periphery of Chennai have resulted in large tracts of agricultural land being bought by non‐agricultural actors seeking returns primarily from speculation. We argue in this paper that the financialization of land and consequent spurt of agricultural land sales are central to what scholars have termed land grab. Recent literature on land grabs has focused primarily on processes of accumulation by dispossession and the coercive role of the state. Our contention is that land grabs more commonly occur due to the state underinvesting in agriculture, resulting in “dispossession by neglect” of especially marginal and small farmers. Dispossession by neglect better captures the fluid boundary between the coercive and voluntary in contemporary land grabs. 相似文献
16.
研究目的:引入“关系产权”理论,丰富农村集体土地“三权分置”制度的理论支撑,优化不同功能产权的实现形式。研究方法:对比研究法、归纳演绎法和理论分析法。研究结果:“关系产权”理论契合中国逻辑,显化了农村集体地权关系,推动了土地财产功能与保障功能的划分,实现了公平与效率的统筹。在耦合“权利产权”理论优势的基础上,将承包地与宅基地“三权分置”纳入同一分析框架,从农村集体经济组织的视角出发,与“三农问题”解决相结合,为农村集体土地“三权分置”的实现形式提供了新思路。研究结论:“关系产权”理论厘清了农民与集体之间的社会关系,佐证了产权制度设计的科学性,阐明了农村集体经济组织对实现“三权分置”的重要性。 相似文献
17.
研究目的:运用县志资料估算浙江省各县土地改革前的地权分配基尼系数,全景式地提供浙江省土地改革前的地权分配不平等情况。研究方法:历史文献、洛伦兹折线。研究结果:(1)浙江省的公田较多,公田的归类显著影响到基尼系数的大小,公田较多的县,将公田算作地主所有时的基尼系数,比不考虑公田时的基尼系数高了40%以上;(2)将公田归为地主所有时的土地所有权分配基尼系数在0.28~0.74之间,有5个县的基尼系数不超过0.40,土地分配相当平均。研究结论:土地改革前浙江省的地权不平等程度不高,但不同县的地权分配情况差异巨大。 相似文献
18.
“珠三角”地区二十余年的经济增长是在市场经济转轨过程中取得的。土地制度变革对经济增长具有基础性的推动作用。主要表现在市场经济环境下,土地要素市场的发育和土地产权制度的确立。这是土地所有权和使用权分离,国家向土地权利主体让渡权利的结果。 相似文献
19.
集体土地产权主体及其代表的确定在理论界是一个争论已久的问题,为了能加快农村经济的发展,促进集体产权的合理流转,规范土地流转收益分配,本文针对长期存在的集体土地产权主体的模糊、虚置与错位等问题,着重分析了其产生和形成的原因。由此在尊重历史和合乎法理的前提下,将集体土地所有权主体界定为村民小组范围内的全体农民,并提出了使集体土地所有杈主体人格化的政策性建议。 相似文献
20.
In 2011, Colombia started a legal land restitution process whereby government institutions help internally displaced people (IDPs) reclaim land dispossessed after 1991 through the violent conflict involving the communist guerilla, paramilitaries and the army. The designated land courts normally covers voluntary sales at the going market price at the time of dispossession, presuming buyers took advantage of the IDPs’ need for money and their low expectations of returning from their current sites of refuge. We study the rise and fall of a commercial cassava operation that started to buy land from IDPs openly in the Montes de María region on Colombia’s Caribbean coast after peace returned in 2007. After losing several land restitution court cases, the company shifted from dairy cattle that required high investments to the less demanding, but also less productive, buffalo to minimize losses in case of future successful restitution claims. The land restitution law will probably be extended beyond the initial 2021 limit due to slow progress, thereby perpetuating the insecure property rights situation that hinders investments in agriculture. 相似文献