基于事件树与模糊集理论的产业链协同并购风险评价研究

运用事件树方法与模糊集理论对产业链协同视角下企业并购风险分析及评价展开研究。分析并购活动过程中各阶段存在的主要风险因素,根据并购过程中的风险事件序列构建产业链协同并购风险事件树分析模型。讨论提出基于模糊集理论的事件发生概率评价算法,依据并购活动序列事件发生概率及所造成损失率计算其风险大小,解决了事件树方法中风险评价值难以量化的问题。通过案例分析进一步指明产业链协同并购活动中的关键风险点,同时印证了该方法的可行性与有效性。最后,根据研究结果提出产业链协同并购风险管控建议。     

A Fuzzy Logic based Trend Impact Analysis method

All Trend Impact Analysis (TIA) algorithms in literature conduct the analysis based on direct estimates provided by experts for the probability of occurrence of an unprecedented event as an input to the algorithm. In this paper, we propose an advanced mechanism to generate more justifiable estimates to the probability of occurrence of an unprecedented event as a function of time with different degrees of severity using Fuzzy Logic. We postulate that in some cases it is better not to estimate the probability of occurrence of an unprecedented event directly; but rather estimate it indirectly via its attributes, using Fuzzy Logic. The core idea of the paper is to customize the generic process of reasoning with Fuzzy Logic by adding the additional step of attributes simulation, as unprecedented events do not occur all of a sudden but rather their occurrence is affected by change in the values of a set of attributes, especially when they reach certain threshold values.     

Uncertainty, human action and scenarios

The “scenario method,” “scenario building,” or “multiple futures analysis” emerged during the last decades as a premier instrument for strategic planning and decision making in conditions of uncertainty. This article demonstrates that there is an intrinsic link between the scenario method and Austrian theory not only at the level of basic epistemological principles but also at the methodological and applied levels. The article also argues that the scenario method could easily be embraced as a part of the Austrian family of ideas and more precisely as one of the key policy applications or decision support tools informed by that school of thought. Blending explicitly and systematically the scenario method with the Austrian ideas and forcefully making the case for the scenario approach as a policy and business administration tool, is thus one of the most effective ways of reasserting the importance of Austrian insights in areas such as business studies, public policy, and organizational theory, areas that currently have a limited exposure to Austrian ideas.     

Futures research scenarios and time succession

The possibility of introducing time-succession into a type of scenario approach used in futures research is examined, starting from Duperrin and Godet's SMIC-74 method, which deals with sets of nondated binary events and requires as input data the individual probabilities of these events and their time-independent conditional probabilities, taken by pairs. Time succession is then considered successively at two levels: 1)as a means used just to make conditional probabilities more accessible to intuition, following a proposal of Mitchell and Tydeman, to which a simplification is suggested; and 2) as a characteristic to be kept in the time-succession dependent scenarios that are finally dealt with. In the second the investigated period is split into q time “scenes,” as suggested by Olaf Helmer, and a method is proposed using the same algorithm as is used in SMIC-74, but in which binary events, as basic elements, are replaced by “boxed-events.” A boxed-event consists in the couple formed by an event and a “box” that represents either one of the q time scenes or the nonoccurrence of the event. The procedure by which experts can be consulted about the individual and conditional probability data required is described in some detail.     

Bayesian updates using precursor events

It is common practice among technological forecasters to use precursor events to anticipate technological change. However, the information obtained from precursor events is usually qualitative in nature. A previous paper demonstrated that information about prior “similar” innovations can be used to generate a probability distribution of lag times between a precursor event and the event to be forecast, thus making the forecasts more quantitative. This paper presents a method for using Bayes' Equation to update probability distributions of lag time using the occurrence of additional precursor events.     

The limits of forecasting methods in anticipating rare events

In this paper we review methods that aim to aid the anticipation of rare, high-impact, events. We evaluate these methods according to their ability to yield well-calibrated probabilities or point forecasts for such events. We first identify six factors that can lead to poor calibration and then examine how successful the methods are in mitigating these factors. We demonstrate that all the extant forecasting methods — including the use of expert judgment, statistical forecasting, Delphi and prediction markets — contain fundamental weaknesses. We contrast these methods with a non-forecasting method that is intended to aid planning for the future — scenario planning. We conclude that all the methods are problematic for aiding the anticipation of rare events and that the only remedies are to either (i) to provide protection for the organization against the occurrence of negatively-valenced events whilst allowing the organization to benefit from the occurrence of positively-valenced events, or (ii) to provide conditions to challenge one's own thinking — and hence improve anticipation. We outline how components of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry can be combined with Delphi and scenario planning to enhance anticipation of rare events.     

噪音交易与股价过度波动:理论与中国经验分析

中国股市股票价格的波动性过大,引起这种现象的一个重要原因是噪音交易的存在和频繁发生。本文采用事件分析法,随机抽取了上海A股市场的近200种股票作为样本,通过构建正反馈交易的"涨幅组合",对噪音交易者投资的累积异常收益率进行检验。结果表明:股市过度波动与噪音交易频繁有密切的联系;噪音交易者通常要承受巨大的风险,但其投资收益率一般情况下却为负。     

Collaborative scenario modeling in emergency management through cross-impact

In this paper we analyze how to apply cross-impact modeling for developing collaborative scenarios in Emergency Preparedness. Scenarios can enhance the understanding of emergency teams about the factors which are involved in the definition of an emergency plan and how different actors participate in it. The version of Cross-Impact Analysis described aims at contributing to this goal through allowing the collaborative development of scenarios out of large event sets. This ultimately reduces the complexity for estimating a working model. In order to illustrate this research effort hypothetical results of a dirty bomb attack scenario exercise are presented, along with the final estimates of relationships based on four rounds of individual estimates followed by discussion of differences in the perceived relationships, in order to achieve a “consensus” model. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the ability of a group to create a working model of the scenario that may be used to examine the consequences of various assumptions about preparedness, plans, and the actions taken during the crisis situation. The method may be used as either a planning tool and/or a training tool. We discuss the process for collecting inputs from a collaborative group and how to improve the consistency of the group inputs in a Delphi-like feedback process. Suggestions for improving details of the wording of items in order to minimize misunderstandings and miscommunication are included, along with suggestions for future extensions to this research.     

基于顾客视角的服务失败及归因研究

服务失败发生后，组织服务补救管理体系就必须立即做出相应的反应，但一味的事后反应，效果是有限的。不管企业是否对失败的原因做出解释，顾客总是努力寻求服务失败发生的原因及判断其性质，并据此来决策今后的行为方式。     

The future shocks: On discontinuity and scenario development

Allegedly, an important function of scenario development is the exploration of potential discontinuity. However, there are indications that the approach does not deliver on its promises. This article investigates how discontinuity is addressed in futures literature, particularly those sources that focus on scenarios, and how the concept is used in scenario practice. A literature review reveals a multitude of terms, including wild cards and surprises, from which characteristics of discontinuity in the context of foresight can be derived. Insights from the review help investigate how discontinuity is addressed in contemporary scenario development. The investigation described in this article exposes a rather ambiguous approach to discontinuity in current scenario practice. The article closes with questions regarding scenario method where the investigation of potential discontinuity is concerned.     

新零售商业模式场景化创新的理论框架与实现路径研究

随着场景化要素在新零售嵌入程度的逐渐深入,一方面凸显出新零售商业模式未能紧跟时代发展的事实;另一方面也为新零售商业模式的加速创新提供了条件.从商业模式的场景化视角出发,首先对现有新零售商业模式进行解构,其次将场景化要素融入解构的商业模式要素之中,使商业模式要素具有场景化功能,进而形成新零售商业模式创新的理论框架,再次以新零售商业模式的场景化价值重构为触点,以新零售商业模式的场景化创新为痛点,设计了新零售商业模式场景化创新的实现路径.最后运用多案例的研究方法对新零售商业模式的场景化创新进行实证,研究结果表明场景化是新零售商业模式创新的方向,价值主张是新零售商业模式创新的遗传物质,而场景化商业情境配置则是新零售商业模式创新的核心能力.     

我国高耗能行业电力消费中长期发展潜力预测

利用1985—2009年的年度数据,对我国高耗能行业用电量与GDP、行业产值、行业投资、城市化水平、行业投资结构等之间的相关关系进行了实证研究,采用情景分析法对2011—2020年7个情景下的我国高耗能用电的发展潜力及行业发展前景进行了预测。结果表明:高耗能用电与宏、微观经济变量之间存在长期均衡和短期偏离关系;城市化水平、高耗能行业投资结构是影响高耗能用电的重要因素;高耗能用电对GDP的发展速度比较敏感,在高耗能行业的投资与产值保持目前增长速度的情景下,高耗能用电走势与基准情景比较接近;2011—2020年高耗能行业继续发挥对经济的拉动作用,但巨大的资源消耗与能源环境代价呼唤高耗能行业进行绿色转型。     

A martingale characterization of the price of a nonrenewable resource with decisions involving uncertainty

This paper presents a general model of nonrenewable resource consumption and exploration decisions involving uncertainty about the time of occurrence of an event such as exhaustion, stock discovery, or a substitute development. The resulting price process is characterized in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions under which the price is expected to rise at a rate equal to, greater than, or less than the discount rate. The general model is illustrated and the price process and the optimal decisions are characterized by examining the three types of uncertainty indicated above.     

Correspondence to what? Coherence to what? What is good scenario-based decision making?

This paper provides a framework for the evaluation of scenario planning and other strategic decision making methods or techniques. If scenario planning is useful, we should be teaching it in schools and we as individuals should be using it to cope with the uncertainty inherent in modern life. A prerequisite to this is the need to identify why, where and how (in what way) scenario planning and other methods or techniques are useful. Here, I review evaluations of scenario planning. Taking a Brunswikian perspective, I highlight the issues that have failed to be addressed in this evaluation. I demonstrate that there are many ways in which scenario planning could be useful other than those that have appeared in previous discussions. These multiple routes are dependent upon the interaction between the individual organisation, the environment in which they are operating and the method being followed.     

公司治理、经验学习与企业连续并购——基于我国上市公司并购决策的经验证据

文章以2004-2008年我国上市公司的1 480起并购事件为样本,运用事件历史分析方法研究了公司治理和经验学习对企业连续并购行为的影响。研究发现:(1)并购管理程序熟练程度和以往并购绩效反馈都会增加连续并购决策的发生概率;(2)国有股权、管理层持股比率的增加、CEO和董事长两职合一会促进企业连续并购的发生,而具有较高独立性的董事会则可能会降低企业并购的发生概率;(3)国有股权、管理层持股比率、董事会领导结构和董事会独立性会强化经验学习对并购决策的影响效果。     

企业家动态能力起源及影响因素研究

从能否度量的角度对“风险”和“不确定性”作出界定：“风险”指事件发生的概率能够被度量的不确定性,“不确定性”指事件发生的概率不可被度量的不确定性。进而根据企业家对风险和不确定性问题的不同处理方式,将企业家能力分为静态能力和动态能力。企业家动态能力在于创造出一种新的生产函数,适合处理不确定性问题,而静态能力更适合处理风险性问题。最后,对企业家动态能力的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：相比于女性企业家,男性企业家具有更高概率使用动态能力。企业家动态能力与企业家的企业治理经验正相关,与企业家政府机关任职经历、研究经验负相关,与企业家出国经历关系不明确。     

The Influence of General Strikes against Government on Stock Market Behavior

Using a sample of 76 countries, this paper examines the impact of major strikes against government and its policies on stock market behavior. An occurrence of a general strike is detrimental to the value of equities, as documented by the ceteris paribus 6.11% fall in dollar-denominated stock market indices of the affected countries. This event is also accompanied by a statistically significant increase in risk, as measured by the standard deviation of returns and Value-at-Risk metrics. Taken together, these results imply that general strikes have serious ramifications for stock market investors.     

Combining conjoint analysis,scenario analysis,the Delphi method,and the innovation diffusion model to analyze the development of innovative products in Taiwan's TV market

In science and technology industries, innovative products are launched rapidly, making the lifecycle of new products ever shorter. Thus, it is important that companies understand consumers' needs and consider expert opinion when analyzing the development of a new technology. However, no studies have combined these two perspectives with regard to the development of a new product. Therefore, this research combined conjoint analysis, scenario analysis, and the Delphi method with the innovative diffusion model to analyze the development of Taiwan's TV market over the next 10 years. The results show that the outlook for demand for light-emitting diode (LED) TVs in Taiwan is very optimistic; sales of LED TVs will surpass sales of liquid crystal display TVs in 2015 in the optimistic scenario and in 2017 in the most likely scenario.     

The future of hydrogen fueling systems for transportation: An application of perspective-based scenario analysis using the analytic hierarchy process

This paper integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with scenario analysis techniques to explore the commercialization of future hydrogen fuel processor technologies. AHP is a multi-attribute decision analysis tool useful for evaluating decisions with multiple criteria and alternatives. In this paper, AHP is extended using a technique called perspective-based scenario analysis (PBSA). In PBSA, scenario analysis is conducted based on potential future decision-maker perspectives that are integrated into the AHP framework. This paper discusses this method and applies it to the evaluation of hydrogen fuel processor technologies 15–20 years hence. The results provide an added layer of insight into the opportunities and barriers for the commercialization of these technologies as well as the methodological opportunities for using AHP and PBSA as a futures tool.     

Studying scenario planning: Theory, research suggestions, and hypotheses

The scenario planning literature reveals a gap regarding its research and theory development. This article addresses these gaps by beginning the development of a theory of scenario planning and by providing suggestions for research. To do so, this research uses Dubin's (R. Dubin, Theory Building, revised ed., Free Press/MacMillan, New York, 1978) technique for theory building in applied disciplines and then provides suggestions for verifying each aspect of the proposed theory. While this research is preliminary in nature, its intent is to work toward a theoretical understanding and validation of scenario planning practices through sound research. Thus, the core purpose of this article is to provide an approach to studying scenario planning that is based on research, theory, and practice.