发展中国家应对发达国家贸易争端申诉的策略

WTO贸易争端解决机制是国际贸易协调中最有效的部分,贸易争端解决机制在全球经济一体化进程中正在被越来越多地使用,发展中国家也不断地作为申诉或被诉方出现在争端解决案件当中。本文从理论方面分析经济、政治实力强的发达国家在争端解决的各个阶段采取的策略,为我国更有效地利用贸易争端解决机制解决问题提供建议。     

中美DSB争端案件考察(2001~2012)

从申诉方、应诉方以及第三方等角度考察中美DSB争端案件,可以发现"美攻中守"的态势。在"规则导向"的WTO争端解决机制内,中国完全可以利用其特点,以更加积极的态度解决中美争端、缓解美国对中国的压力。应诉时注意加强证据的准备工作,执行DSB裁决时从实用角度出发并且构建相应的协调机制,同时也要结合世情和国情重新定位中国国际经济法学。     

投石问路香蕉战：———世贸组织争端解决机制对国际贸易的影响

影响 自世界贸易组织于1995年成立以来,争端解决机制发挥着日益重要的作用。作为“国际经贸法院”,争端解决机制不仅为各成员提供了一个公平公正地解决经贸纠纷的场所,更是通过其裁决的有效执行,树立起世界贸易组织在多边贸易体系中的威信;通过争端解决机制,不仅减少了国际经贸领域爆发贸易战的可能性,而且发展中国家成员还取得了与发达国家成员平等的谈判地位,维护了多边贸易体制的稳定性。     

WTO反倾销争端案件特点及趋势

世贸组织成立14年来,其争端解决机构受理的案件越来越多。这种状况一方面反映了国际贸易领域中,各国不同贸易政策之间的摩擦与碰撞不断;另一方面也表明世界各国已基本认可WTO是一个能够比较有效解决贸易纠纷和协调贸易政策的场所。WTO争端解决机制在解决国际贸易纠纷方面正发挥着不可替代的重要作用。虽然我国作为申诉方的争端案件只有2起（美国钢铁保障措施案,美国铜版纸反倾销和反补贴案）,但我国作为被诉方或第三方参与的争端案件数量越来越多,其特点和趋势值得关注。     

中国入世十年主动参与WTO争端解决机制实践述评

自2001年12月11日中国正式加入世界贸易组织以来的十年内,中国主动或被动地参与了WTO争端解决机制。本文首先对中国入世十年以来参与WTO争端解决的实践进行了总体评价,然后就中国入世十年来作为申诉方主动参与WTO争端解决案例做了述评。本文认为,入世十年来,中国在WTO争端解决诉讼上,基本维持着攻少守多但又不失均衡的状态。中国发起争端解决的案子主要集中在贸易救济领域,起诉案子的质量有待提高,需要各方更深入地发掘欧盟等国违反WTO规则的措施。     

美国WTO争端解决政策与实践评析

争端解决机制运行十四年来,美国作为WTO争端解决活动的最主要参与者之一,其贸易争端解决政策和实践一方面不可避免地会对其他WTO的贸易争端解决政策和实践产生影响,更重要的是,美国的争端解决政策和实践会关键性地影响多边贸易体制争端解决机制运行的有效性,甚至会影响到争端解决机制未来发展的框架基础.     

中国参与WTO争端解决机制所面临的问题与战略性对策

目前随着贸易规模的扩大、贸易地位的提高和融入世界经济的程度不断加深,中国已进入贸易摩擦高发期,正面临着如何增强处置贸易争端的能力、维护企业合法权益和国家利益的挑战。作为一个贸易大国及WTO的成员,熟练掌握WTO规则,积极有效地参与争端解决活动,运用WTO允许的法律手段解决争端,对于中国来说是十分迫切而重要的问题。本文考察并分析了中国入世以来作为申诉方、第三方和被诉方参与WTO争端解决活动的现状,探讨了中国利用WTO争端解决机制的制约因素,对未来中国更加积极有效地参与WTO争端解决活动提出了若干建议。     

WTO贸易救济措施争端解决的绩效分析——基于动态非平衡面板数据模型系统GMM检验

文章在回顾相关研究的基础上考虑四阶段WTO争端解决程序,根据WTO争端案例结案时长不等的特点和多阶段策略选择难以量化的性质,建立WTO贸易救济措施争端解决绩效动态非平衡面板数据模型,运用系统GMM检验,对WTO贸易救济措施争端解决绩效进行了实证分析。结果表明：积极援引WTO争端解决机制是能够在一定程度上挽回贸易损失的,尤其是双方在争端解决过程中达成的磋商解决、请求专家组中止工作、相互满意解决或者败诉方执行WTO决定等均对申诉方出口贸易具有促进作用;尽快结案将有利于申诉方,而WTO争端解决案件的持续时间越长,越不利于申诉方。     

WTO争端解决实践的特征及原因分析

WTO争端解决机制作为一个规则导向的制度,理论上讲对任何国家(不管是强国还是弱国,大国还是小国)都一视同仁。然而,实践表明发展中国家在WTO争端解决机制中的地位并没有得到多大改善,WTO争端解决机制更多在被发达国家所利用。本文通过对运用WTO争端解决机制的成本收益进行分析,来揭示发达国家和发展中国家在运用这一机制的相对优劣地位。     

WTO争端解决机制中发展中成员的优惠待遇分析

从1995年初建立WTO到2010年1月14日,在世贸组织争端解决机构(DSB)共受理协商请求403件中,发达成员所提出的投诉案件共240件,其中,以发达成员为应诉方的144件,以发展中成员为应诉方的96件;发展中成员所提出的投诉案件共157件,其中,以发达成员为应诉方的93件,以发展中成员为应诉方的64件;发达成员与发展中成员共同提出的投诉案件共6件,均以发达成员为应诉方.     

WTO贸易援助制度构建的必要性研究

贸易援助作为WTO的一项倡议,在其实施4年以来暴露出许多不足之处,且该倡议实施期限具有不确定性。贸易援助可以帮助发展中国家克服各种阻碍贸易的限制性约束,充分发挥贸易对于经济增长和降低贫困的重要作用,必须长期开展贸易援助。WTO作为全球性贸易组织,决定贸易援助只有在WTO体系内才能更为有效、全面、根本的展开。为使贸易援助长期实施并解决目前贸易援助倡议中存在的问题,必须在WTO体系内构建贸易援助制度。     

入世前后浙江省贸易条件变动的实证分析

文章对浙江省入世前后贸易条件的变动趋势进行了实证分析,研究结果显示:浙江省贸易条件的变动受入世的影响较大.其进出口产品、初级品和工业制成品的价格贸易条件及制成品要素贸易条件在入世后均相对趋向不利的变动;收入贸易条件则以入世为界趋于改善;经过调整计算的价格贸易条件也显示出入世后的贸易利益变动不利于浙江省.文章最后重点分析了入世后影响浙江贸易条件变动的主要因素,并提出了改善其贸易条件的对策建议.     

Do Trade Agreements Increase Food Trade?

In addition to multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the world has seen a remarkable proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the last two decades. This study investigates whether these multilateral and regional trade institutions increase food trade and bring the world into a freer flow of food. The gravity model of international trade is used for the empirical analysis. The model is developed in a large panel data setting and attempted to address some potential problems in the estimations including multilateral trade resistances, zero trade values and endogeneity. The results suggest that both the WTO and RTAs have delivered significant positive effects on trade among the participant countries, but not food. Only RTAs are found to have increased food trade among the participant countries. However, although on average the WTO is found to have negative implications on food trade, it facilitates the developing countries more than the developed countries.     

Firm R&D,Processing Trade and Input Trade Liberalisation: Evidence from Chinese Firms

This paper examines the impact of input trade liberalisation on firm R&D activity by taking China's accession to the WTO as a quasi‐natural experiment. Different from ordinary imports, processing imports in China enjoy zero tariffs and are not affected by input trade liberalisation due to the WTO accession. The paper uses disaggregated firm‐level production data and transaction‐level trade data to perform difference‐in‐difference analysis by taking processing import firms as a control group. An intensive empirical search shows that after China's accession to the WTO, input trade liberalisation fostered firm R&D significantly. The findings are robust to different measures and various empirical specifications.     

中国服务贸易开放度研究

入世前中国在入世议定书中对服务贸易的开放作出了相关承诺。如今中国入世已近10年,服务贸易对外开放的进展情况如何?本文就这个问题采用修正过的对外贸易比率法进行了实证研究,并用同样的方法研究了美国的服务贸易开放度,然后对中美服务贸易开放度进行了比较。研究结果表明,中国服务贸易处于一个相对较高的水平,服务贸易开放的现状与我国入世承诺基本一致。     

Trade skirmishes safeguards: A theory of the WTO dispute settlement process

I propose a framework within which to interpret and evaluate the major reforms introduced to the GATT system in its transition to the WTO. In particular, I examine the WTO Agreement on Safeguards that has amended the GATT escape clause (Article XIX), and the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) that resembles a court of law under the WTO. Using this framework, I interpret the weakening of the reciprocity principle under the Agreement on Safeguards as an attempt to reduce efficiency-reducing trade skirmishes. The DSB is interpreted as an impartial arbitrator that announces its opinion about the state of the world when a dispute arises among member countries. I demonstrate that the reforms in the GATT escape clause should be bundled with the introduction of the DSB, in order to maintain the incentive compatibility of trade agreements. The model implies that trade agreements under the WTO lead to fewer trade skirmishes but this effect does not necessarily result in higher payoffs to the governments. The model also implies that the introduction of the WTO court, which has no enforcement power, can improve the self-enforceability of trade agreements.     

市场开放、产业竞争对中国会计服务业组织行为的影响

我国会计服务业开放以来,市场容量和市场结构发生了巨大变化。为加快提升我国会计服务业产业竞争力,政府部门已经接连出台相关文件。本文回顾了我国会计服务市场开放的历程,总结了当前市场的竞争状态和国际会计公司在中国发展的模式,重点剖析了当前垄断市场形态下对会计服务业组织本身的影响,以期在国际贸易救济框架下寻求有针对性的配套政策。本研究对会计服务业的垄断市场带来的产业组织行为进行了全面分析。研究表明,会计服务业的寡头垄断市场阻碍了现代会计服务业的整体进程;要提高产业竞争力,需要在贸易救济框架下实施多方面的政策梳理,以减缓严重失衡的垄断竞争市场态势。     

WTO视角下中国(上海)自由贸易试验区知识产权保护问题探析

中国(上海)自由贸易试验区(简称"上海自贸区")不是世界贸易组织体制下的国际自由贸易区,而是根据《中国加入世界贸易组织议定书》所建立的国内特殊经济区。知识产权保护是世界贸易组织密切关注的重要议题,上海自贸区知识产权保护也是不可回避的焦点问题。"一线监管放开"的上海自贸区不是知识产权侵权的避风港,上海自贸区应当加强知识产权保护政策体系建设,严格知识产权海关执法;利用"先行先试"的优惠政策,在知识产权管理和执法体制方面为促进和完善国家知识产权政策体系提供示范效应,并为知识产权规则的国际协调提供实证支持。     

The effect of WTO on the extensive and the intensive margins of trade

We use 6-digit bilateral trade data to document the effect of WTO/GATT membership on the extensive and intensive product margins of trade. We construct gravity equations for the two product margins motivated by Chaney (2008). The empirical results show that standard gravity variables provide good explanatory power for bilateral trade on both margins. Importantly, we show that the impact of the WTO is concentrated almost exclusively on the extensive product margin of trade, i.e. trade in goods that were not previously traded. In our preferred specification, WTO membership increases the extensive margin of exports by 25%. At the same time, WTO membership has a negative impact on the intensive margin. Based on novel comparative statics results about how fixed and variable trade costs impact the product margins of trade, our results suggest that WTO membership works by reducing primarily the fixed rather than the variable costs of trade.     

In search of WTO trade effects: Preferential trade agreements promote trade strongly, but unevenly

The literature measuring the effects of WTO membership on trade flows has produced remarkably diverse results. Rose (2004) reports a wide range of empirical specifications that produce no WTO effects. Tomz et al. (2007) use Rose's data but include de facto WTO membership, to find positive WTO trade effects. Rose (2005) also produced positive WTO trade effects after accounting for the diverse trade effects produced by individual preferential trade agreements (PTAs). When Subramanian and Wei (2007) emphasize general equilibrium trade effects by controlling for multilateral resistance, they find strong WTO trade effects only for industrialized countries. Subramanian and Wei (2007), however, account neither for unobserved heterogeneity among trading partners, nor for differences in trade effects across PTAs (which could inflate WTO estimates). We unify the Rose, Tomz et al., and Subramanian and Wei specifications in one comprehensive approach that minimizes omitted variable bias to show that all specifications produce one consistent result: WTO effects on trade flows are not statistically significant, while PTAs produce strong but uneven trade effects. Extending the gravity model to address specific avenues in which WTO may have affected trade flows, we find that WTO membership boosts trade prior to PTA formation and increases trade among proximate developing countries (at the expense of distant trade). An augmented gravity model that accounts for WTO terms-of-trade theory shows that countries with greater incentives to bargain for tariff reductions before WTO accession experience positive and significant subsequent WTO trade effects.