关于矫正汽车消费负外部性问题的制度安排探索

随着经济的发展和居民生活水平的提高，汽车消费将成为我国大中城市和发达地区居民消费的一个重要组成部分，但汽车消费会产生废气、噪音及相关的热导效应等环境污染和道路拥挤的负外部性问题。大气环境与道路的共有资源特征是造成汽车消费污染和道路拥挤负外部性问题的经济根源，矫正负外部性问题需要通过能使外部成本内部化的税收、法规和行政制度安排来解决。     

论废弃产品的负外部性与生产者责任的延伸

产品在消费后阶段被消费者废弃所引发或可能引发的资源浪费与环境污染问题即废弃产品问题,它主要源于产品自身承载了大量的资源以及具有潜在的致污能力.依据外部性理论分析,废弃产品问题实质上是一种环境负外部性问题,既包括消费的环境负外部性问题,也包括生产的环境负外部性问题,但主要是生产的环境负外部性问题.延伸责任作为生产者从佑无到有的一项延伸义务,是生产者环境保护义务的新增,并将内化为生产者的生产成本.生产者责任延伸制度实质上就是一种对废弃产品的生产负外部性的政府管制.生产者责任延伸制度的建立与实施将成为废弃产品的生产负外部性内部化的有力手段.     

消费外部性的效率损失及其治理

消费外部性是指个人或家庭的消费行为影响他人或社会,但个人或家庭并未因此而给予相应补偿或取得相应报酬。无论是正消费外部性还是负消费外部性,其结果都使资源配置达不到帕累托最优状态。为此,政府必须通过直接管制、经济手段等措施来治理消费外部性。     

矿产资源开发利用的生态环境价值补偿研究

资源经济时代,矿产资源的大规模开发带来了生态环境危机,其负外部性已超过外部经济。因此,矿产资源开发利用必须补偿相应的负外部性成本,即将消耗的公共物品与公共资源价值纳入矿产资源价值。相比较而言,征收庇古税是一种较好的解决负外部性的方法。因此,建议小范围的短期负外部性由直接谈判进入生产者成本,具体通过地方政府征收相应的环保和生态保护基金或税进入生产者成本,或普遍对全部碳排放行为征收碳税,或者在消费环节征税。最普通的、也许最有效的方法是在消费环节或矿产品制成品的销售环节,以矿产品消费税形式征收与矿产资源消费相关的负外部性成本或所消耗的生态环境资源租。     

生态环境的外部性与环境经济政策

生态环境是人类生存和发展的基本条件,是经济、社会发展的基础,生态环境问题已威胁到人类的生存和发展。将外部性概念引入环境保护领域,是为了寻找促使外部性问题内在化的有效方式,以解决日益严重的环境问题。与环境问题有关的外部性,主要是生产和消费的负外部性。环境经济政策是国家环境当局从影响成本—收益入手,引导经济当事人进行选择,以便最终有利于环境的一种政策手段,其主要目标之一是最大限度地减弱以至消除其外部性的影响,将外部性问题内在化。     

科斯定理解决环境负代际外部性局限分析

当代人在按照自己意愿利用和选择环境资源方式组合时容易给后代人带来不利的影响，即产生负代际外部性。科斯定理在特定假设前提下提出通过界定产权的方法来解决外部性，但恰恰正是这些假设条件导致其解决生态环境负代际外部性问题上的失效。因此，代际负外部性的解决还需要经济学理论新的变革。     

论消费领域外部性的经济法解决——基于公民环境权法制保障

消费外部性现象比较普遍。从法学视角看,消费外部性体现为消费者基于消费而给消费者本人以外的对象造成的权利的侵害、利益的减损现象,主要表现为消费的环境外部性。从国外来看,环境权立法与司法的实践可以解决消费的部分外部性。我国消费外部性经济法解决具有其理论基础,具体可以通过法律赋予公民环境权利以及施加公民环境义务来实现。     

间接庇古税的福利效应分析——以交通污染控制为例

经济学认为当机动车污染排放产生负外部性时最优政策工具就是根据外部性的大小征收相应的庇古税,使外部成本内部化。然而由于每一辆机动车的污染排放水平不一,根据污染排放量直接征收庇古税很难实施,在这种情况下,替代性的政策是对与机动车污染排放息息相关的燃油消费进行征税。文章在Diamond模型的基础上,构建了最优间接庇古税模型,分析了间接庇古税的福利效应。研究发现:一是由于机动车使用年限、消费者收入水平、汽车排量选择偏好等影响燃油消费的异质性因素存在,最优间接庇古税只能是次优的;二是最优间接庇古税作为治理机动车污染外部性这种市场失灵的政策工具所起的作用十分有限,对提高整体社会福利水平效率较低。     

知识产权保护的经济学分析

一、知识产权保护的经济学基础 （一）新古典学派关于知识产权保护的观点——外部性理论 所谓外部性．是指不直接反映在市场中的生产和消费的效应．包括：负外部性．指一个行为主体将自己生产消费的成本转嫁给了其他行为主体．然而对其他行为主体却不进行任何补偿。比如：化工厂向河流里排放污水、河流中鱼的数量因此而减少，靠捕鱼为生的渔民因此而蒙受损失，     

船舶开放登记制度的外部性及其国际规制——中外船籍问题研究之三

本文研究了船舶开放登记的负外部性及其国际规制问题。面对船舶开放登记比较严重的安全和环境问题,我们应该促使开放登记国提高其技术标准,以使方便旗船的边际私人成本趋近于边际社会成本。从全球福利出发,我们必须采取国际公约、国际组织和港口国监控等措施来消除其负外部性。     

汽车保险发展历程与现状浅析

近年来中国汽车产业发展迅速,汽车消费的增长必将带动汽车保险业迅速发展,特别是按照入世协议我国将逐步开放保险市场,中国汽车保险业将面临严峻的挑战,如何应对这一挑战,成为我国汽车保险业不容忽视的问题。本文试图通过分析世界汽车保险业的发展历程与现状的分析,将为中国汽车保险业提供借鉴。     

河北省城市化进程中资源环境经济协调发展问题的思考

河北省作为城市化水平较落后的省份，面对全球性的资源紧缺、环境污染严重的压力，其城市化进程的加快必须按照可持续发展的思想，选择“成本内化”的城市化可持续发展模式，通过科技创新，建立低能耗多元化健康型消费方式，调整产业结构，发展循环经济，有效抑制城市化进程中的资源耗竭与生态环境的恶化，实现城市化进程中人口资源环境与经济的协调发展。     

International and Intergenerational Environmental Externalities

We examine a world in which policymakers' actions in a given country at a given time have long-lived effects on a common resource: the global environment. We consider the first best in which long-lived planners behave cooperatively, then examine the allocation of resources when there is non-cooperation across countries, across time, or both. Finally we analyze the dynamic behavior of the economy along balanced growth paths. It is found that while long-lived international institutions are necessary to internalize all externalities, cooperation at a point in time may be harmful to future generations.     

资源再生产业特征解析:基于“结构-行为-绩效”范式的研究

借鉴经典"结构—行为—绩效"范式,以资源型产业为参照对象,从资源再生产业的市场结构、市场行为和市场绩效三个角度,对资源再生产业特征进行深入解析,研究认为:资源再生产业是一个"落脚自由"的产业,技术弹性大,产业链较长,产业关联度大,具有规模经济性,兼具劳动密集型和技术密集型双重特征。这样的市场结构,决定了其市场波动性大,生产规模较小,经营灵活;反映到市场绩效上,其环境外部性表现出双面性,既具有明显的环境正外部性,又表现了很强的负外部效应。     

CO-DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL RESOURCES: OIL vs. MARICULTURE

Leasing coastal areas so as to develop a single resource is wasteful and often leads to conflicts. Some uses impose negative externalities on other resource-dependent uses, but such externalities should not preclude co-development a priori. This paper describes a theoretical economic model of joint development for energy resources and mariculture showing the scientific data necessary so as to determine the optimal output for each activity in every location and to choose the optimal lease boundaries.     

CO-DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL RESOURCES: OIL vs. MARICULTURE

Leasing coastal areas so as to develop a single resource is wasteful and often leads to conflicts. Some uses impose negative externalities on other resource-dependent uses, but such externalities should not preclude co-development a priori. This paper describes a theoretical economic model of joint development for energy resources and mariculture showing the scientific data necessary so as to determine the optimal output for each activity in every location and to choose the optimal lease boundaries.     

Household Decisions and Equilibrium Efficiency

A general equilibrium model is introduced where a household may consist of several members, each with individual preferences and/or resources. When households obey collective rationality, certain intrahousehold externalities can be fully internalized by the respective households so that competitive exchange among households is efficient. As a rule, however, such intrahousehold externalities are not fully internalized by individual household members acting in their personal interest so that competitive exchange among such individuals is only efficient in exceptional cases.     

论政府在发展循环经济中的作用

中国目前经济增长受到资源和环境的约束瓶颈,要解决资源匮乏和环境污染矛盾,就必须转变经济增长方式,大力发展循环经济,实现经济社会的可持续发展。发展循环经济必然要对传统的生产经营、社会管理及消费方式等诸多方面提出改革和更新的要求,政府在推动和促进循环经济加快发展的过程中承担着不可替代的作用。     

Price competition when consumer behavior is characterized by conformity or vanity

It has long been recognized that the pleasure of consuming a good may be affected by the consumption choice of other consumers. In some cases, social pressures may lead to conformity; in some others, individuals may feel the need of exclusiveness under the form of vanity. Such externalities have proven to be important in several markets. However, the market implication of these externalities are still unclear. To investigate them, we propose to combine the consumption externality model and the spatial duopoly model. When conformity is present but not too strong, both firms remain in business but price competition is fiercer and results in lower prices. The market share of the large firm increases with the population size; as the population keeps rising, the large firm may serve the entire market and set a price that has the nature of a limit price. When conformity is strong enough, different equilibria may exist. In most of these equilibria, a single firm captures the whole market. At the other extreme, when vanity is at work, price competition is relaxed.     

Learning and Efficiency with Search Frictions

This paper studies the allocative efficiency in a Moscarini (2005)-type equilibrium search environment with learning. It is shown that the stationary equilibrium is efficient if and only if the Hosios condition holds no matter whether learning is about firm-specific human capital or about general human capital. However, the stationary equilibrium can never be efficient if externalities exist from unemployment. In contrast, even with externalities, the stationary equilibrium can be efficient under some modified Hosios condition if there is no uncertainty (standard Mortensen and Pissarides (1994)-type equilibrium search environment). The key intuition is that the equilibrium can only be efficient if firm-worker matching is formed and terminated efficiently.