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The Single Market of the European Union has progressed during recent decades to encompass more than 500 million consumers in 28 EU Member States and adjoining countries. During the same period, consumer issues have received growing policy interest and policy measures have been put in place to harmonize the Single Market, that is, to make national markets more alike. Yet, in order to provide policy measures that promote desirable market outcomes, the considerable challenge of understanding differences in the market performances of participating countries and the relationships between national markets and the Single Market need to be addressed. Consequently, this article proposes the consideration of differences in terms of regimes, that is, between groups of similar countries, when assessing the performances of markets. Differences in market performances are analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis test using survey data from the European Commission, and results were reviewed against market studies carried out by the Commission. Findings show that regime differences in market performance can indeed be observed and that the regime approach can draw policy attention to commonalities in market arrangements in addition to the consumer issues conventionally examined, such as price differences and consumer awareness. 相似文献
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The "Moralist" camp takes environmental morale to be essential in order to save nature. The "Rationalist" camp, mainly represented by economists, takes market-based instruments solely relying on extrinsic motivation to be both necessary and sufficient for a successful environmental policy. Recently, the moralists have learned to appreciate economists' incentive instruments, and rationalists have learned that environmental morale is required to find political support for the introduction of their preferred instruments.Intrinsic motivation in the form of environmental morale is moreover closely connected to the extrinsic motivation via crowding effects. Economic incentives – in particular tradeable emission rights and emission taxes – tend to undermine environmental morale while policy instruments tend to raise it.An environmental policy based on complementarity is able to exploit the advantages, and to weaken the disadvantages, of the policies proposed by the two camps. Market-based instruments should be accompanied by policies informing and inviting the consumers to engage. In addition, possibilities to participate in the decision-making about environmental policy should be offered (preferably via direct democracy), and the policy should be decided and undertaken at the lowest possible level, normally the local community level. 相似文献
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《商业经济(哈尔滨)》2019,(4)
环境政策工具是促进实施环境行为的重要措施,研究国外的环境政策工具对我国制定和实施有关举措有着现实意义和指导意义。通过研究发现,国外基于个体环境行为的政策工具总体包括命令型工具、经济型工具、服务型工具、沟通型工具和扩散型工具五大类别,各种工具的有效性各有不同,法律法规、金钱奖励和惩罚、提供便利服务、社会压力等这些外部因素的综合运用更能影响个人的环境行为。所以只有综合利用好各种工具才能实现政策工具的效果。 相似文献
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国际贸易中的战略性环境政策 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
由于传统的贸易政策工具,如关税、补贴等,受到世贸组织规则的限制,各国政府不得不寻求其他政策工具来转移租金,便考虑在产业和贸易政策的“武库”中添加项目,诸如排污标准、减污补贴、排污税。为了保持国际竞争力,环境政策已经演变成产业政策、贸易政策。以不完全竞争为基础的战略性环境政策理论,为在自由贸易约束下,各国政府如何寻求其他政策工具转移租金、提供了新的研究思路。 相似文献
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Business Economics - This brief essay offers a general introduction to the idea of nudging, along with a list of ten of the most important “nudges.” It also provides a short discussion... 相似文献
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By structuring choices wisely, governments can get people to make better choices without limiting their freedom. 相似文献
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The tendency for countries to cheat on international environmental agreements has been well-documented. One reason is that less developed countries suffer technological disadvantages. While a number of authors have shown that technological transfers can solve the stability problem, real-world giveaways rarely occur. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions under which private licensing of pollution abatement technology, linked to cooperation on environmental policy, represents a feasible alternative. We find that, while a Pareto-improving solution exists, the licensing equilibrium is tenuous. Ironically, the more technologically advanced pollution abatement becomes, the less incentive there is for the recipient to cooperate. 相似文献
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Business Economics - The author would like to add the following acknowledgement to his article: an earlier version of this essay was originally published in the Journal of Consumer Policy, 37... 相似文献
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对外贸易、环境污染与政策调整 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
我国改革开放以来实行的以出口导向为主的外贸发展战略是基于自然资源、劳动力、环境标准等方面的比较优势,虽然极大地促进了经济增长,但同时也带来了严重的环境污染。本文认为在核算比较优势时未考虑环境成本是导致污染的重要原因,并在此基础上提出了调整我国出口导向产业政策的几点建议。 相似文献
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John Alexander 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,76(2):155-162
There is a systemic condition inherent in contemporary markets that compel managers not to pursue more morally preferable
initiatives if those initiatives will require actions that conflict with profit maximization. Normative arguments for implementing
morally preferable practices within the existing system fail because they are insufficient to counter-act the systemic conditions
affecting decision-making that is focused on maximizing profit as the primary operational value. To overcome this constraint
we must elevate a more normatively preferable value, ‚ideal environmental sustainability,’ to the level of being the primary
filtering value through which other competing values are evaluated, prioritized, and implemented. In order for this to occur
in practice, a change must be made relative to the laws, rules, and regulations that define and guide the market. This can
be done by suitably defining the epistemic constraint of impartiality utilizing Rawls’ notion of a ‚veil of ignorance’ as
a heuristic device.
John K. Alexander is an Adjunct at Grand Valley State University (Allendale MI) and Grand Rapids Community College (Grand
Rapids MI). Areas of interest include Socratic, philosophy, business/organizational ethics, health care ethics, and philosophy
of management. He has published papers in HEC Forum, Teaching Philosophy, Philosophy of Management, Journal of Business Ethics
and Business Ethics Quarterly. Prior to becoming a visiting professor at GVSU in 2001, he had thirty-five years experience
working and managing in foundries. 相似文献
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一国的最优污染物排放量取决于该国的经济发展阶段,这已基本成为人们的共识,现实中观察到的“环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)”印证了这一命题.但另一个重要且尚无明确答案的问题是,最优环境政策是否也取决于经济发展阶段?本文对这一问题进行了深入探讨并得到了重要发现,即最优环境政策确实具有阶段性:在经济发展的初级阶段,侧重价格管理的庇古税是更有效率的政策手段;而当经济发展到一定阶段,特别是跨过EKC的拐点后,侧重数量管理的可交易排污权将成为更有效率的政策手段,并且其比较优势会随着经济继续增长而进一步强化.基于欧盟数据的实证分析也证实了这一发现.本文的政策建议是:随着中国经济规模的不断扩大,政府应及时加大环境治理力度,并更多地采用可交易排污权这一环境政策手段. 相似文献
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At an analytical level, economists have often categorised the international dimensions of environmental problems and policies as being national (or competitiveness), psychological (as opposed to physical) and transboundary (global) in nature. Focusing on transboundary pollution problems, the reasons why a multilateral approach among sovereign nations to solve such global externalities may be difficult are discussed within a simple analytical framework. The paper examines the Southeast Asian experience at a regional approach to tackling the haze problem due to the Indonesian forest fires. It goes on to explore multilateral policy options and constraints for dealing with such transboundary environmental pollution problems. 相似文献
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在政策变动的背景下,公共压力与空间距离都是影响股价同步性的重要因素,前者减弱股价同步性,后者增加股价同步性,但两者共同通过环境信息披露进行作用对股价同步性会产生怎样的影响是目前必须解决的问题。本文选取2004-2006年和2009-2011年我国上市制造业企业为样本,以政策变动为视角,研究了环境信息披露差异对股价同步性的影响机制。结果发现,在《办法》颁布前,远距离企业的环境信息披露与股价同步性负相关,《办法》颁布后则正相关。而对于近距离企业,在《办法》颁布前后均不显著。因此,在公共压力增大的情况下,环境信息披露对股价同步性影响的过程中,地理位置起到了决定性的调节作用,应引起监管层的足够重视。 相似文献
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Herwig Pilaj 《Journal of Business Ethics》2017,140(4):743-753
This paper applies insights from behavioral economics and nudge theory to foster sustainable and responsible investment (SRI). SRI provides an opportunity to express and promote ethical values via choice of financial instruments. While policy-makers have tried to encourage greater participation in SRI, the majority of retail investors retain a conventional approach to investment. I develop a conceptual framework to improve the effectiveness of SRI policy-making. The first part of the framework comprises a transmission mechanism which emphasizes the role of SRI as a driver for sustainable development. The second part is a model of the individual decision for or against SRI. The framework suggests that low SRI demand is a case of behavioral market failure, and that nudging is a suitable tool for dismantling behavioral barriers to SRI. A specific example of smart choice architecture is used to illustrate the framework’s potential in the design of an SRI nudge. Assuming the nudge stands up to the rigors of empirical testing, it may well provide a feasible alternative for policy-makers. 相似文献