浅析中国反倾销应诉成本和反倾销应诉基金的建立

<正> 一、反倾销应诉成本分析应诉成本是指国内涉诉企业在应对国外对华反倾销过程中发生的经济利益的流出。它主要由反倾销应诉的前期费用、律师费用、应诉小组的组织成本、收集信息费用4部分构成。 (一)前期费用目前我国参与反倾销应诉的组织者多是进出口商会,一个案子发生了,往往需要经过了解涉案企业出口情况、召集相关企业开会、宣传政策并征求意见、确定应诉企业、确定委托律师等前期程序。只有明确有人支付应诉费后,应诉工作才能真正开始启动。 (二)律师费用反倾销应诉工作专业性很强,且要经过漫长的法律诉讼过程,如     

论反倾销应诉的成本收益分析及应对策略

近年来,我国出口产品在国际市场上频繁遭受反倾销指控,许多企业由于没有积极应诉,导致巨大损失,同时也失去了很多海外市场,为我国将来再度进入该市场带来很大阻力。基于此,笔者认为,在面对国外反倾销诉讼时,出口企业应根据自身的现实状况和发展计划,进行应诉成本与收益分析,利用反倾销应诉会计成本收益分析模型,对是否应诉以及采取什么应诉方式进行合理选择,做出科学的决策。同时也给我国出口企业在面临反倾销诉讼时提出了积极的建议。     

反倾销会计应诉情报系统的构建——国外应诉情报处理子模块的构建

能够提供准确及时的自身成本、市场份额、竞争对手成本、第三国市场价等情报是反倾销应诉成功的关键,本文针对我国长期遭受反倾销严重危害的现状,从情报工作与反倾销会计工作相结合的角度,提出了针对不同市场地位下的情报需求种类、收集方法与处理方式,并将情报工作与实际外贸相结合,构建反倾销会计应诉情报系统,充分利用反倾销会计手段,针对享有市场经济地位、申请市场经济地位、寻找最有利替代国与替代价格等情况,预测可能发生的各种情况并制定各种预案,从国内本企业、本行业、政府以及国外进口商、律师等多方面进行工作与协调,进行相关风险分析,并适时采取规避与应诉措施。     

更倾销会计应诉情报系统的构建——国外应诉情报处理子模块的构建

能够提供准确及时的自身成本、市场份额、竞争对手成本、第三国市场价等情报是反倾销应诉成功的关键,本文针对我国长期遭受反倾销严重危害的现状,从情报工作与反倾销会计工作相结合的角度,提出了针对不同市场地位下的情报需求种类、收集方法与处理方式,并将情报工作与实际外贸相结合,构建反倾销会计应诉情报系统,充分利用反倾销会计手段,针对享有市场经济地位、申请市场经济地位、寻找最有利替代国与替代价格等情况,预测可能发生的各种情况并制定各种预案,从国内本企业、本行业、政府以及国外进口商、律师等多方面进行工作与协调,进行相关风险分析,并适时采取规避与应诉措施。     

反倾销应诉中的律师选择

对中国出口企业来说,遭遇反倾销诉讼已经不是什么新鲜事,但如何防范和应对外国的反倾销措施,将是他们今后必须面对的一个课题。本文就反倾销应诉中律师的选择问题提出了几点看法。     

谁应诉谁受益 中国企业奋起应诉

面对外国如此多的反倾销,我国企业大多数显得漠然,不敢应诉,惧怕应诉,即使应诉也寥寥无几,绝大多数处被动挨宰地位.然而应诉与不应诉的结果,即在反倾销诉讼中的损失是截然不同的,比如1994年5月9日,美国对我出口一次性打火机的57家公司提起反倾销诉讼,国内只有3家企业挺身应诉.裁决下来,有2家应诉企业的关税由初裁的百分之几十降到零,一家降到百分之二十几.而没有应诉的52家公司被裁以197.85%的高税而失去市场.很显然,重视应诉的结果比不应诉更积极、更主动,体现了"谁应诉、谁受益"的原则.     

浅析中国反倾销应诉成本和反倾销应诉基金的建立

应诉成本是指国内涉诉企业在应对国外对华反倾销过程中发生的经济利益的流出。它主要由反倾销应诉的前期费用、律师费用、应诉小组的组织成本、收集信息费用4部分构成。     

中国企业奋起应诉

面对外国如此多的反倾销,我国企业大多数显得漠然,不敢应诉,惧怕应诉,即使应诉也寥寥无几,绝大多数处被动挨宰地位.然而应诉与不应诉的结果,即在反倾销诉讼中的损失是截然不同的,比如1994年5月9日,美国对我出口一次性打火机的57家公司提起反倾销诉讼,国内只有3家企业挺身应诉.裁决下来,有2家应诉企业的关税由初裁的百分之几十降到零,一家降到百分之二十几.而没有应诉的52家公司被裁以197.85%的高税而失去市场.很显然,重视应诉的结果比不应诉更积极、更主动,体现了"谁应诉、谁受益"的原则.     

后危机时代反倾销应诉的会计对策

目前我国面临的反倾销调查数量成倍增长,企业应诉率和胜诉率均比较低,极不利于我国出口和外贸经济的发展。本文通过分析我国企业反倾销应诉失败原因,提出了应对反倾销诉讼的对策,以期提高企业应诉反倾销的能力。     

试论对反倾销诉讼的应诉对策——兼谈中国冶金广西公司反倾销应诉体会

国外对我国出口产品的反倾销一浪高过一浪,对我国进一步发展对外贸易产生了越来越严重的干扰。与此同时,也使我回外经贸界对反倾销问题的认识进一步加深,越来越多的出口企业敢于应诉,并取得了成功,积累了经验,本文通过一宗对日本反倾销诉讼的应诉实践,提出了进行反倾销诉讼应采取的五大举措。     

Quantitative Evaluation of the Determinants of Export and FDI: Firm‐level Evidence from Japan

Using firm‐level data for Japan, this paper examines the determinants of the export and foreign direct investment (FDI) decision. We contribute to the literature by employing a mixed logit model, i.e. a multinomial logit model with random intercepts and random coefficients, to incorporate any unobserved firm heterogeneity and by paying special attention to the quantitative significance of the determinants. We find that while the impact of productivity on the export and FDI decision is positive and statistically significant, it is economically negligible. The effect of firm size, credit constraints and information spillovers from experienced firms is also small in magnitude. A quantitatively dominant determinant of the export and FDI decision is instead the prior status of firms in terms of internationalisation. In addition, the use of the mixed logit model enables us to find a substantial role of unobserved firm characteristics in internationalisation of the firm. These findings suggest that entry costs to foreign markets, which substantially vary in size across firms, play an important role in the export and FDI decision. In addition, given that the negligible effect of productivity and the dominant effect of prior status appear to be more prominent in Japan than in some other countries, this study helps highlight the uniqueness of Japanese firms.     

贸易网络与企业出口动态

本文探讨国际贸易网络对企业出口动态的影响及其作用机制。首先以2000—2016年跨国双边贸易数据为基础构建国别贸易网络指标体系,衡量一国在全球贸易体系中的相对位置,并由此对接中国企业层面出口数据构建企业出口网络指标,再进一步在引力模型中研究企业贸易网络对出口动态的影响。研究发现:将企业贸易网络指标引入到引力模型后,模型对于企业出口动态的解释力更强。企业当期的一阶、二阶和高阶贸易网络指标提高一个单位,会使得企业—市场下期成功出口的概率分别提升4.86%、4.70%和8.93%,出口额分别增加68.55%、65.25%和128.86%,成功存活的概率分别提升5.97%、5.76%和10.90%。在基准回归中加入扩展地理距离项与控制不同层面固定效应后,结果依然稳健。异质性分析表明,中国企业的出口会根据不同层面的目的地网络信息进行调整,网络信息对企业出口动态的影响存在产品异质性。动态分析表明,相较于地理距离,企业贸易网络指标对企业出口动态有着更强的解释力。本文提出了将网络分析方法与计量经济学相结合的新思路,具有一定的学术价值。     

Entrepreneurial orientation,export channel selection,and export performance of SMEs

Although research indicates that the export channel a firm uses can significantly impact export performance, it is unclear how firms should select this channel. Models of export channel choice tend to concentrate on transaction cost efficiencies, ignoring value adding orientations that entrepreneurial firms may possess. In this paper we develop and test the theoretical notion that in addition to transaction costs, differences in entrepreneurial orientation (EO) influence export channel choice and as a consequence export performance. Using data from a sample of Dutch and Italian SMEs we find that adding EO (moderated by institutional distance) significantly improves our model of export channel choice. Further we find that firms selecting export channels that align not only with transaction cost factors but also firm level EO, moderated by institutional distance, have higher export market performance. Thus, our study adds to and extends the export channel choice literature and provides interesting new insights into how EO helps firms create more successful export operations.     

Subcontracting bargaining power and the trade policy

In this paper, we consider that the split of surplus from a subcontracting deal depends on the relative bargaining powers of domestic and foreign firms. The finding shows that a domestic optimal export policy is a tax (subsidy) if the bargaining power of the domestic firm is sufficiently small (large). We also demonstrate that a domestic firm’s higher bargaining power increases (may decrease) domestic profit if the export policy is exogenous (endogenous). In the presence of an outsider option, the domestic optimal export policy will be threatened by the outsider option if the domestic firm’s bargaining power is sufficiently small, and thus a large bargaining power increases the optimal export tax. At the same time, the foreign firm may still subcontract to the domestic firm even if the domestic firm has a higher total marginal cost of the intermediate good than the outsider option.     

Firm Heterogeneity,Endogenous Quality,and Traded Goods Prices

A model with endogenous quality and firm heterogeneity is developed. Firms can invest in quality, and quality investment is relatively skill intensive. The model is used to account for two findings in the empirical literature on traded goods prices, lacking a formal explanation in the theoretical literature thus far. First, the model provides a theoretical explanation for Schott's (Quarterly Journal of Economics 2004, 119, 647) empirical finding that relatively skill‐abundant countries export higher priced goods. Firms in these countries invest more in quality and therefore sell higher quality, higher priced goods. Second, the opposite effects of importer market size on traded goods prices at the firm level (positive) and at the aggregate level (negative) identified in the empirical literature can be explained with the model. In a larger market, the incentive to invest in quality is larger for each firm, leading to higher firm‐level prices. Due to a selection effect, also less productive firms selling goods of lower quality can export to larger markets, implying lower aggregate prices.     

A Resource-Based Approach to the Study of Export Performance

This paper presents a comparative study of the export performance of U.S. and Canadian small and medium-sized exporters. A parsimonious model is developed drawing on the resource-based theory of the firm, with three sets of resources, namely firm size, enterprise, and technological intensity. These key resources are good predictors of the export strategy of a firm. Export strategy is modeled as degree of internationalization, and its effect on the overall firm performance is studied using firm-level performance measures. LISREL's multiple group analysis feature is used in the analysis to test the model. The results confirm the validity of the model across the two data sets.     

The decision to export: Firm heterogeneity,sunk costs,and spatial concentration

Integrating perspectives of the Uppsala model of internationalization process, international new ventures and trade theories of heterogeneous firms, this paper develops a dynamic discrete-choice model of export decisions by a profit-maximizing firm. Empirical analyses based on a panel data set of Chinese firms show that sunk costs, productivity, firm size, foreign ownership, industry competition and spatial concentration are positively associated with the decision to export, while state ownership has a negative association with the probability of exporting. However, we find that the relationships are not always uniform and depend on firm-specific idiosyncrasies. The results show that foreign-invested firms and large firms (regardless of ownership) rely on productivity performance related advantages for expanding overseas, while domestic firms, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, build competitive advantage by leveraging agglomeration economies and the associated spillovers. Our results highlight the role of firm heterogeneity, sunk costs and spatial concentration in shaping the export behavior of firms.     

出口经验、沉没成本与企业出口广化--来自中国微观企业的证据

企业恰当利用出口经验的学习效应可减少出口新产品和开拓新市场所需支付的沉没成本,从而推动自身的出口广化。本文基于2000－2005年中国海关数据库中企业－产品－目的国层面的出口数据,运用线性概率模型考察出口经验对企业出口广化的促进机制,发现企业自身和其他企业以往的出口经验对企业当期出口广化存在倒 U型的影响,且这种影响因企业所有制属性和贸易方式的不同而存在结构性差异。     

Export performance of emerging market firms

I investigate the export performance of firms from emerging economies based on resource based view (RBV) of a firm. Based on review of extant literature, I identify firm size, research and development expenditure, advertising expenditure and business group affiliation to be important antecedents of level of exporting activities of a firm. I utilize a two-stage least square estimation (G2SLS) on a sample of 47,140 firm-year observations over a period of sixteen years from 1990–2005. The findings suggest that export sales and domestic sales are interdependent and affect each other. R&D expenditure and business group affiliation positively affect export sales, however advertising expenditure negatively affects export sales.     

Spillover Effects from Inward FDI on the Exporting Decisions of Chilean Manufacturing Plants

We study the presence of spillover effects on three exporting decisions (likelihood, quantity, propensity) of Chilean manufacturing firms during the period 2001–2004. Evidence suggests that Chilean firm’s export likelihood is positively affected by other domestic firms’ exports. In contrast, exports by MNEs operating in Chile negatively affect Chilean firm’s export likelihood, although MNE-employment generates positive spillover effects, suggesting externalities in human capital. We also find evidence of spillovers from MNE activity on the proportion of production the firm exports (export propensity), but not on how much they decide to export (export quantity).