中国卫生筹资的再分配效应

利用2006年中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据和类似于税收再分配的分解方法,将卫生筹资的再分配效应分为三部分:累进效应、水平平等效应和再排序效应。卫生筹资增加了收入不平等,表现出了亲富人的再分配,主要原因在于水平不平等和再排序效应,如果相同收入的人群进行相同的卫生支付,再分配效应将会降低64%,另一原因在于卫生筹资系统的累退性。在同为从穷人到富人的再分配中,农村卫生筹资亲富人的再分配程度高于城市;农村卫生筹资的累退程度大于城市;农村卫生筹资的水平不平等小于城市。     

中国城乡收入差距收敛性及倒U形检验

本文使用泰尔指数度量我国城乡收入差距,研究收入差距的收敛性,并检验经济发展水平、教育进步及城市化进程的影响是否满足倒U形假说.理论分析和实证检验均表明泰尔指数随城市化进程表现出倒U形变化模式.实证研究发现,教育对收入不平等的影响很可能存在倒U形,并强于城市化的影响;而以人均GDP度量的经济发展水平是最重要的影响因素,并呈现单调增加的特征;FDI没有显示出影响作用,而进出口贸易则会显著加剧收入不平等.研究结果表明,社会发展并不必然会降低收入不平等,政府需要改善和调整收入分配政策以减少城乡收入差距.     

转型背景下的居民主观收入不平等与再分配偏好——基于CGSS数据的经验分析

公平、合理的收入分配格局是构建和谐社会的基石,引起社会普遍不满和对社会稳定构成实质威胁的是居民主观层面所不认可的收入分配格局。本文尝试考察我国居民的主观收入不平等对再分配偏好的影响。在将主观收入不平等合理分解为认可的不平等和不认可的不平等基础上,利用中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS),本文进行了实证检验,研究结果显示,居民认可的收入不平等与再分配偏好显著负相关,而不认可的收入不平等与再分配偏好显著正相关。此外,公平认知对居民的主观收入不平等具有显著影响。因此,当前政府的改革应该从消除体制性障碍入手,特别是要消除行业垄断、城乡有别的户籍制度等,创造一个机会均等、公平竞争的社会环境,为形成合理的收入分配格局提供制度保障。     

股市发展与收入分配不平等分析

股市发展与收入分配的关系研究已经在世界金融理论界及业界引起重视,本文主要对股市发展和自由化改革两者对收入分配不平等程度的影响进行分析。研究得出一国的股市规模扩大,受到门槛效应影响,其收入的分配状况也会趋于恶化,而流动性提升则会改善国人的收入分配不平等的状态;国家股市发展对不同的收入阶层也会产生不同影响;自由化改革后,股市流动性提升会进一步改善国内收入分配不平等的状况,同时在股市自由化后,股市规模扩大及股市流动性提升都会改善国家收入分配不平等的现象。     

货币政策对收入不平等的作用效应:一个文献研究

各国解决收入不平等的通用政策工具是财政政策。但近年来的研究表明,运用财政政策来解决收入分配不平等具有局限性,学者们开始关注货币政策对于解决收入不平等的作用和效应。本文梳理了国内外关于货币政策对收入分配不平等影响效应的文献,发现货币政策对收入不平等的效应主要有四种:财富变动效应、金融市场效应、资本形成效应、就业效应。这些效应相互作用,并通过通货膨胀、经济增长与总产出来间接影响收入分配。     

新一轮个人所得税改革的收入分配效应——一个典型的模型分析

文章应用一个典型模型,对2011年新一轮个人所得税改革的收入分配效应进行分析。选取量化基尼系数比较模型,运用改革后相关数据,围绕4个变量:税前基尼系数、税后基尼系数、税赋基尼系数、税赋系数进行讨论,考察整个征税过程中三个分布(税前收入分布、税后收入分布和税赋分布)与税前税后基尼系数(收入分配的不平等程度)的变化、税赋总量之间的关系,规范分析改革后的个人所得税收入分配效应,得出改革后个人所得税的收入分配效应为正,个人所得税改革的收入分配效应受税赋基尼系数、税后基尼系数和税赋系数影响等结论,指出我国未来个人所得税的改革方向是综合与分类相结合的个人所得税税制。     

个税改革、收入不平等与社会福利

2005年以来,历次中国个税改革均以提高免征额和调整税率表为主要内容,上述改革措施的分配效应一直存在争议.文章通过建立一个能体现个税累进性与税负归宿的新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型,分解并模拟了提高免征额和增加税率累进幅度所导致的分配效应.结果表明:(1)提高免征额扩大了税前收入不平等的波动,恶化了宽松货币政策等外生冲击下的初次分配.此外,免征额的提高削弱了累进税率对收入初次分配的调节能力.(2)在就业扩张过程中,提高免征额所带来的税负归宿变化改善了税后收入不平等,而且在免征额提升后,税率累进幅度的提高能进一步改善收入再分配.当然,个税改革的初次分配效应和再分配效应均具有状态依存特征,在就业与劳动收入下降时会带来相反的分配效应.(3)提高免征额会导致更大的福利损失,并削弱累进税率对福利损失的抑制作用.     

中国居民消费不平等:审视与应对

在中国经济发展取得巨大成就之时,有必要重新审视不平等问题。与收入不平等相比,消费不平等是对经济不平等更好的度量。因此,以消费不平等为研究对象,在对居民消费不平等进行多维测度的基础上,分析了消费不平等的形成机制。研究表明:中国居民消费不平等程度较高,城乡消费不平等呈现出倒U形走势,区域消费不平等不存在倒U形规律;收入不平等通过预算约束差异形成消费不平等;机会不平等通过代际传递和路径依赖形成消费不平等;制度因素通过消费机会和消费资源的分配形成消费不平等。缩小消费不平等是一项系统性工程,除缩小收入差距外,政府还应努力促进教育公平、缩小人力资本积累差异和推进制度改革。     

金融发展加剧了中国收入不平等吗?——基于门槛回归模型的证据

作为现代经济的核心变量,金融发展的收入分配效应是宏观经济领域的一个新兴议题。文章系统梳理了国内外研究文献,总结金融发展影响收入不平等的传导机制,并利用中国1996-2009年省际面板数据和Hansen(1999)的门槛模型,对金融发展的收入分配效应进行了估计。研究结果表明,在样本期间内金融发展显著加剧了中国收入不平等,而且金融发展的收入分配效应表现出鲜明的门槛特征,跨越特定门槛值省区的金融发展对收入不平等的影响更大。     

收入分配不平等对刑事犯罪的影响

本文利用1988—2006年中国省级面板数据,采用动态面板数据估计了收入分配不平等对刑事犯罪率的影响。研究发现,控制跨省人口迁徙、福利支出、失业率等因素并作相关的稳健性检验以后,以基尼系数度量的收入分配不平等上升1个百分点,刑事犯罪率将至少上升0.185个百分点,并且收入不平等程度不断上升会导致政府增加福利支出以降低刑事犯罪率;城市化会导致刑事犯罪率上升;提高人力资本水平和增加福利支出都会对遏制犯罪发挥重要影响。     

Finance,income inequality and income redistribution

Using a panel fixed effects model for a large sample of countries covering 1975–2005, we test the hypothesis that income inequality caused by finance (financial development, financial liberalization and banking crises) is related to more income redistribution than inequality caused by other factors. Our results provide evidence in support of this hypothesis. We also find that the impact of inequality on redistribution is conditioned by ethno-linguistic fractionalization. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of several control variables suggested by previous studies.     

收入不平等与家庭借贷行为*——家庭为追求社会地位而借贷的动机真的存在吗

本文利用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2011年度的调查数据,考察了收入不平等对家庭借贷行为的影响,并验证了家庭是否存在为追求社会地位而借贷的动机。研究表明：（1）收入不平等并不是影响家庭是否借贷的主要因素,但是对家庭的负债规模存在十分显著的抑制作用;（2）收入不平等的扩大并不会促使中低收入家庭寻求借贷或提升家庭负债规模,我国家庭并不存在为了追求更高的社会地位而进行借贷的动机;（3）收入不平等的扩大有利于高收入家庭获得更多的正规金融借贷,中低收入家庭则会较多地依赖于非正规金融借贷;（4）户主的人口统计学特征、家庭经济特征以及家庭所处地区特征均是影响家庭借贷行为的重要因素,在正规金融和非正规金融市场上,影响家庭借贷行为的因素存在较明显的差异。     

FINANCE,DISTRIBUTION AND THE ECONOMIC OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS

This paper proposes a model where the structure rather than the size of the financial sector explains its influence on income distribution. Because of information asymmetries, a financial sector dominated solely by profit‐maximizing financial intermediaries will increase income and wealth inequality as it gives preferential access to credit for high‐income agents, whereas a diversified inclusive financial sector with alternative models of finance, like cooperatives, will reduce the inequality gap. No full convergence in income distribution can be realized through finance only and there is still a need for redistribution policies. Accordingly, an objective function for cooperative financial institutions should define a desired pricing behaviour that can increase the income of members at a rate higher than the average growth rate of the economy.     

Technical Progress and Its Fruits: The Idea of Development in the Works of Raul Prebisch

The Seventeenth Communist Party National People's Congress in 2007 declared, for the first time, that the Chinese government would create conditions and opportunities to promote property income growth in order to enhance common prosperity. This new policy on the one hand helps to garner support for the further financial reform in China; but on the other hand, it entails potentially adverse impacts on economic equality in China, given the current configuration of income and wealth distribution, uneven process of financial development and other socio-economic structures. Employing the Institutionalist theory on property and distribution, this paper explores the impacts of institutions and institutional changes in the financial system on income and wealth inequality in China.     

Inequity in American Schools: A New Perspective on the Distributional Effects of School Expenditures on Economic Well‐Being

This article explores how inequities in public K‐12 school spending impact the distribution of economic well‐being across American households with public school students in 1989 and 2000. Adapting concepts from the public finance literature, I explore the impact of school spending on the vertical and horizontal equity and its impact relative to other types of public spending on social programs and taxation. Conventionally, vertical equity refers to the size of the income gaps between households. Horizontal equity refers to the ranking of households along the income distribution with any change in ranks producing horizontal inequity. My main findings show that school spending, when converted into a component of income, served to reduce extended‐income inequality through improvements in vertical equity without the discriminatory implications of exacerbating horizontal inequity across households. Additionally, this impact was at least as large as that of spending on other social programs. This finding bolsters standard arguments for equity and progressivity of school finance across students.     

A natural experiment of the effect of advertising on sales: the SASOL case

China's so-called ‘reform and opening up’ policy (Gai Ge Kai Fang), implemented nearly 30 years ago, has led to tremendous economic development. China's nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 3.25 trillion US dollars in 2007, making it the fourth largest economy in the world. At the same time, income inequality has become quite skewed in China, inviting considerable criticism. Moreover, the trend towards greater income inequality persists. Of particular public policy relevance is the effect of income inequality on health disparities in China, particularly for low-income households. This study addresses this issue using a longitudinal dataset from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) over the period 1997 to 2006. Our central finding is that income inequality affects health differently by socioeconomic status: income inequality harms individual health among low income households by more than it does among high income households. More specifically, health is more adversely affected by greater income inequality for households with low incomes. China's central government is committed to making further investments in the health care system. As part of that effort, attention should be directed at low income households to reduce health inequality, possibly providing them with a health insurance safety net similar to Medicaid in USA.     

中国金融发展与收入分配、贫困关系的经验分析——基于动态面板数据的研究

本文利用2001—2007年中国省际面板数据,运用系统的广义矩(GMM)估计方法,研究金融发展对收入分配和贫困的影响。结果发现,中国的金融发展更有利于贫困家庭收入水平的提高,减少收入分配不平等。贫困家庭的收入增长大约有31%可以归因于金融发展的收入分配效应,而剩下的69%是由于金融发展的增长效应所致。另外,没有证据表明金融发展与收入分配存在倒U型关系。在非农产业比重高的省份,金融发展会加剧贫富差距。     

Financial development,control of corruption and income inequality

This paper examines the effect of financial development and control of corruption on income inequality in 21 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1985–2011 using the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator. The empirical results show that financial development measures have positive impact on income inequality, which suggest that financial development increases income inequality. On the other hand, the coefficients of control of corruption are negative and significantly related to income inequality which implies that corruption control reduces income inequality. Further, the interaction of the financial development and the control of corruption is found to be negatively and significantly related to income inequality. Equally the interaction of the financial development and transparency index (an alternate measure of corruptibility) is found to be negatively and significantly related to income inequality. These findings suggest that the control of corruption and transparency in governance are crucial in reducing income inequality in SSA.     

基于分位数回归的农村普惠金融发展增收效应研究——以广西40个县为例

农村普惠金融对改善农村地区经济、提高农村居民收入水平有重要作用.本文首先构建农村普惠金融发展指数的指标体系,并以广西40个县为例,对其在2013—2017年的普惠金融发展进行测度及聚类分析.在聚类结果的基础上,采用面板回归模型对普惠金融发展的增收效应进行分析;同时,考虑到不同地区的农村居民收入水平存在差异,进一步采用分位数回归模型对增收效应进行研究.结果发现:农村普惠金融发展对农村居民收入增长具有正向效应,但对收入层次较低的农村居民而言,普惠金融发展不利于收入的提高.鉴于此,本文建议进一步优化农村普惠金融的发展环境,推动不同农村地区普惠金融协同发展,切实增强农村普惠金融发展的增收效应.     

Possibility of a Middle Income Trap in China： Assessment in Terms of the Literature on Innovation,Big Business and Inequality

This paper discusses the possibility of China falling into the so-called middle income trap in terms of three checkpoints： innovation capability, world-class big businesses, and inequality. Based on these criteria, our conclusions are as follows： First, China has increasingly become innovative and thus differs from other middle income countries. Second, China has many successful big businesses, a number disproportionate to its size. Thus, China differs from other middle income countries with few world-class big businesses, and the only qualification is that those big businesses are mostly non- manufacturing firms focused on such areas as finance, energy, and trading. Third, China faces great uncertainty in terms of inequality. Although several signs show that the Kuznets curve will come to represent China, as noted by the gradual reduction of surplus labor and rising wage rates starting in the coastal provinces, the Chinese are now facing new sources of inequality in China, such as wealth （including financial and real estate assets） and non-economic factors （including corruption）.