论投资的税式支出——以科技资金投入的税式支出为例

税式支出具有投资效应,这已被国内外经验研究所证明.税式支出的投资效应会受到多种因素的影响.不同税式支出方式各具特点,我国必须完善并合理运用促进科技进步和创新及其成果转化的税式支出方式.     

税式支出绩效、问题与对策研究——以重庆市“十五”增值税先征后返为例

文章以重庆市"十五"期间增值税先征后返为例,从定量的角度研究了税式支出的绩效。发现税式支出促进了受益企业固定资产的更新,扩大了企业资产规模,优化了企业融资结构,加快了企业收入的增长,并且存在较高的税式支出成本——收益比。同时分析了税式支出过程中存在的问题,并提出了相应对策和建议。     

我国税式支出预算的基本框架设计

根据政府一般预算的基本框架构成,我国税式支出预算的基本框架主要包括以下四个方面:1.税式支出项目的界定。根据税式支出的内涵和外延,按照一定的标准,从纳税单位、税基、税率、纳税期限、管理措施、国际交易准则等诸多要素,对各种税收减免条款与基准税制进行对比分析和鉴定,判断某项税收优惠措施是否具有税式支出性质,从而确定具体的税式支出项目。这是对税式支出进行定性分析的过程,是构建税式支出预算的首要前提。2.税式支出规模的测算。税式支出规模是指因实施税式支出而使国家放弃的税收收入损失。利用一定的测算技术和统计方法,对各…     

税式支出管理研究——兼论我国税式支出管理制度的建立与完善

税式支出理论与实践在西方已日渐成熟,西方主要发达国家都建立了该项管理制度并运用于实际工作实践中。我国对税式支出研究的时间则比较短,为解决当前中国现行税收优惠制度中存在的问题,建立符合我国国情的科学、规范的税式支出制度就显得尤为迫切。当前我国正在逐渐建立适应市场经济运行的公共财政体制,而且又面临新一轮的税制改革,税收优惠政策的设置都是必须重点考虑的一个重要要素。     

利用税式支出政策调节收入分配的建议

1.加大个人所得税的税式支出。优惠力度,并改进相关政策的制度设计。一方面,扩大个人所得税税式支出政策的覆盖面,让更多的社会成员享受到个人所得税的税收优惠;另一方面,增加优惠内容,调整优惠方式,尤其要重视与中低收入家庭劳动所得相关的税式支出政策的设计,激励低收入者通过劳动来提高自身的收入水平。2.适度增加流转税的税式支出。流转税税式支出政策能否显著提高居民部门收入占比,取     

税式支出法律问题研究

税式支出是将税收优惠列入预算，并以法律对其进行规范的行为。严格的税式支出可以在很大程度上避免税收优惠的任意性，减少税收流失并抑制涉税腐败。目前，不少发达国家已经实行税式支出制度并取得了良好的效果，但在我国，税式支出尚未成为财税法律法规的内容。为此，从税式支出与税收法定主义的关系、当前税收优惠中存在的问题、税式支出的法律原则和税式支出的立法建议等方面作初步的探讨，以期对我国税式支出法律的制定和实施有所启示。     

税式支出：税收理论的新课题

税式支出是税收理论中的一个新课题，本文从税式支出概念的引入出发，对税式支出的由来，税式支出的地位、税式支出与直接支出的选择、税式支出在国际性税收事务中的用途及税式支出的利弊等问题进行了初步探讨。     

调节收入分配的税式支出政策

一、税式支出的基本概念 1.税式支出的含义 从一般意义上来说,税式支出是指一国政府为了实现一定社会经济目标,通过相关法律、法规的制定,对基准税制规定的纳税人法定纳税义务给予减免所放弃的税收收入。     

界定与控制税式支出预算规模的思路

税式支出预算化管理是目前世界很多国家普遍使用的方法,也已成为我国当前完善税收制度、改革财政体制中一个亟待解决的问题,该项支出数额的确定是预算编制中面临的一个十分重要的理论和现实问题.本文在借鉴美国税式支出规模和国内学者的研究成果的基础上,提出税式支出预算规模界定及其控制的思路和方法.     

税式支出管理的国际经验与我国的选择

目前我国财税改革的重心在于税收管理,而税收管理的关键则在于税收优惠管理.加强对税收优惠的管理可采用多种方式,但最有效的方式是借鉴国际成功经验,全面推行税式支出管理制度.国际上许多国家都建立了这项管理制度,并在统计、评价税收优惠,提升税收优惠政策有效性、合理化方面取得了较好的效果.本文在对税式支出管理的国际经验进行归纳总结的基础上,分析了我国税式支出管理的现实状况,并重点从科学合理确定税式支出范围、提升税式支出的法制化和规范化、建立完善的税式支出统计制度以及加强对税式支出进行成本效益分析等方面,提出了构建既与国际惯例接轨又具有中国特色的税式支出管理制度框架的设想.     

Tax policy endogeneity: evidence from R&D tax credits

This paper estimates the causal effect of research and development (R&D) tax incentives on R&D expenditures using new data on U.S. states. Identifying tax variation comes from changes in federal corporate tax laws that heterogeneously and, due to the simultaneity of state and federal corporate taxes, automatically affect state-level tax laws. Instrumental variables regressions indicate that a 1% increase in R&D tax incentives causes a statistically significant 2.8–3.8% increase in R&D. Alternatively, ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions of R&D expenditures on R&D tax incentives, which do not correct for the policy endogeneity of R&D tax incentives, indicate that a 1% increase in R&D tax incentives causes a statistically insignificant 0.4–0.7% increase in R&D. One possible explanation for these results is that tax policies are implemented before an economic downturn.     

Optimal Taxation of Bequests in a Model with Initial Wealth*

We formulate an optimal‐taxation model where parents leave bequests to their descendants for altruistic reasons. In contrast to the standard model, individuals differ not only in earning abilities, but also in initial (inherited) wealth. In this model, a redistributive motive for an inheritance tax – which is equivalent to a uniform tax on all expenditures – arises, given that initial wealth increases with earning abilities. The introduction of the inheritance tax either increases intertemporal social welfare or has an ambiguous effect, depending on whether the external effect related to altruism is accounted for in the social objective.     

The Golden Age of Tax Expenditures: Fiscal Welfare and Inequality in Portugal (1989–2011)

ABSTRACT

This paper studies social tax expenditures as an instrument of social policy, considering its broader social and political ramifications, particularly regressive distributive impacts, the targeting of social protection and making markets for non-state providers. Using OECD data and government budgets, we look at ‘tax breaks for social purposes’ in Portugal since the 1980s, with a focus on healthcare, educational and mortgage loan expenses. Portugal presents a comparatively high level of TBSP before the Great Recession. Why? Using Portugal as a theory-developing case, the paper argues that in the critical juncture following the late, double transition to democracy and structural economic reform, tax and welfare state developments combined to create social tax expenditures as a modality of targeted social expenditure favouring middle and higher strata. Once in place, a combination of powerful vested interests, obscure policy-making, regressive income distribution and high take-up rate across taxpaying groups obtained a path-dependent outcome, keeping inegalitarian and costly fiscal welfare growing during adverse fiscal conditions. Such a resilient outcome was curbed only in 2011 by the harsh conditionality of the economic and financial adjustment programme of the Portuguese bailout, an instance of how deep crises provide opportunities for path-shifting reconfigurations of social policy.     

Fiscal policy under a minimum‐time objective

In an endogenous growth model, we characterize the fiscal policy driven by a minimum‐time objective of economic development. We find that in equilibrium government should levy the highest possible consumption taxes, reduce public expenditures to the lowest possible level, and keep labor income tax rate and capital income tax rate satisfy a substitution relationship at the balanced budget constraint. We also identify the condition under which income tax rate should be set to zero. We further find that the equilibrium fiscal policy is equivalent to the growth‐maximizing fiscal policy, whereas it generally deviates from the welfare‐maximizing fiscal policy. We hence identify a circumstance where setting the policy goal of reaching an economic‐performance target as soon as possible cannot be justified in the sense of maximizing the welfare of households.     

Tax and spend or spend and tax? An empirical investigation for Austria

The aim of this contribution is to discriminate between the rivallingspend and tax andtax and spend hypotheses in order to check empirically the relationship between government spending and taxation decisions in Austria. For that purpose, the authors estimate a tri-variate structural VAR Model of Austria's public sector that, besides expenditures and revenues, includes aggregate income as an additional variable. They implement impulse-response functions and frequency domain techniques in order to identify the causal relation between government outlays and receipts. The budget making process is interpreted as an error correction model which allows to estimate to what extent revenues and expenditures are adjusted whenever the government sees its long run budget constraint violate. The empirical findings strongly support the spend and tax view that budget decision-making is significantly dominated by the expenditure side in Austria.We are gratefully indebted to Peter Weiss and three anonymous referees for many valuable comments and suggestion.     

Inflationary finance, capital mobility, and monetary coordination

This paper compares the inflation rate before and after monetary coordination between two benevolent governments. Many authors have previously argued that monetary coordination will reduce inflation [e.g., Aizenman, 1992; Beetsma & Bovenberg, 1998; Jensen, 1997; Kimbrough, 1993; Sibert, 1992; Tori, 1997]. Unlike these studies, the present paper introduces a mobile factor, which is capital. While capital may move freely between countries, it is subject to the inflation tax of the country in which it is located. This is because of a cash-in-advance type constraint governing investment expenditures. Since capital is perfectly mobile, inflation tax competition between governments leads to suboptimally low inflation. When countries coordinate their monetary policies, they can raise the inflation tax simultaneously without fear of capital flight. Hence, inflation tends to increase rather than decrease after monetary coordination.     

Tax Expenditures on Health in Australia: 1960–61 to 1988–89

Commonwealth government tax expenditures arise because departures from the tax structure produce favourable tax treatment of particular types of activities or taxpayers. Such tax concessions can be used in the same way as direct expenditures to give effect to government policies, and in fact are often used as substitutes for direct expenditures. Although estimates of tax expenditures on health in more recent times are readily available, this form of subsidisation of the health sector has not been used heavily since the introduction of Medicare in 1984. It is for the period spanning the 1960s and the 1970s, when tax expenditures were a much more important source of health care finance, that consistent estimates are lacking. This article presents estimates of the revenue cost of income tax concessions for health in Australia over the period 1960–61 to 1988–89 and integrates these estimates into the currently available health expenditure statistics. It is concluded that failure to allow for tax expenditures on health when analysing public expenditures on health in Australia can lead to misleading conclusions about the net fiscal impact of changes in the Commonwealth's health expenditure policy. In particular, the fiscal effect of introducing Medihank in 1975 is significantly lower if account is taken of changes to tax concessions on health occurring at the same time. Likewise, the net cost of the introduction of Medicare in 1984 is overstated by measures based on direct outlays alone.     

Public investment,taxation, and long-run output in economies with multi-level governments

This paper examines the dynamic effects of taxation and investment on the steady state output level of an economy. A simple neoclassical growth model with different tiers of government is developed. The initial focus is on governments that aim to maximise their citizens' welfare and economic performance by providing consumption goods for private consumption and public capital for private production. It is shown that a long-run per capita output maximising tax rate can be derived and that there also exists an optimal degree of fiscal decentralisation. The analysis then extends to the case where governments attempt instead to maximise their own tax revenue to fund expenditures which do not contribute to the utility of their citizens. Three different cases of taxation arrangement are considered: tax competition, tax sharing, and tax coordination. The modeling shows that intensifying tax competition will lead to an increase in the aggregate tax rate as compared to the cases of sharing and coordination amongst governments. These tax rates are both higher than the long-run per capita output maximising rate that was implied under the welfare maximising government scenario.     

中国税制的国际竞争力研究

国际税收竞争是经济全球化发展的产物,是各国以税收为载体、以促进本国经济增长为目的的竞争,其实质是经济竞争。在此,基于国际税收竞争视角,重点对中国税制的国际竞争力进行评析,分析表明中国税制具有一定的国际竞争力,但诸多方面仍有待完善。在此基础上,借鉴国际经验建立具有竞争性的中国税制,确定合理的宏观税负水平,同时还需加强"税收文化"的建设,建立国际税收协调机制,以应对日益激烈的国际税收竞争。