Consumer coping strategies: a study of consumers committed to eating local

This paper deals with consumer coping strategies when consumers experience difficulties in implementing an innovation. The particular setting for exploring this issue is a group of consumers in Michigan who are committed to eating local. The paper explores how these consumers cope or balance their commitment to eating local with the constraints they face on buying and preparing local food Following a literature review of coping strategy and consumer coping strategies in relation to innovations, the paper presents the results of three focus groups conducted with members of a Student Organic Farm, a food cooperative and a Slow Food Convivium. The consumers we interviewed mostly adopt problem‐centred, confrontative strategies: they change their food‐consumption habits including shopping, purchasing, cooking, storing and obviously, eating. None of these changes are easy to implement, and most require re‐allocations of time as well as trade‐offs to overcome time and cost barriers. In return, some of these consumers feel empowered. This study allows us to offer a working hypothesis that the process is dynamic: the more committed consumers are, the more they adopt problem‐centred, confrontative strategies and forget more fatalist emotion‐centred or avoidance strategies. These findings contribute to literature on consumers' coping strategies and suggest future research avenues.     

The Determinants of Pricing Strategies for Industrial Products in International Markets

ABSTRACT

The global marketplace is becoming increasingly complex in which to conduct business. Firms marketing consumer goods have a somewhat easier time than those selling industrial products, since more has been written about them and the international consumer goods have been analyzed for a longer period of time. In addition, the international marketing literature, has looked more at the elements of product, promotion and place than price. This literature gap has created a void in the understanding of marketers as to how to effectively price industrial products in international markets.

The paper identifies the important industrial pricing strategies in international marketing and examines the underlying determinants that affect their outcome. In addition, the specific causal relationships between the determinants and pricing strategies are examined through a logistic regression analysis.     

企业间关系质量：渠道影响策略的权变模型

文章基于渠道行为与嵌入理论,探讨了营销渠道中的经济型影响策略（组织间强制性影响策略和非强制性影响策略）与社会型影响策略（组织间人际影响策略）对企业间关系质量的影响。通过对152家制造商的调查数据分析发现：企业在治理渠道关系时,使用组织间强制性影响策略会降低它与合作伙伴之间的关系质量;使用组织间非强制性影响策略对它与合作伙伴之间关系质量的影响不显著;使用组织间人际影响策略则有助于提高它与合作伙伴之间的关系质量。此外,组织间人际影响策略还会减弱组织间强制性影响策略对企业间关系质量的负面影响。     

Influence Attempts in the Consumption Domain: Examining the Concept of a Persuade Package and the Sequencing of Influence Strategies used by Young Adults

This research examines the concept of a persuade package and the sequencing of communication strategies designed to exert influence in the consumption domain. Specific research questions examine the sequencing of influence strategies in consumption related influence attempts and the effect that sequencing has on the perceived likelihood of compliance. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used across two studies and results indicate that preferences exist for the specific types of influence strategies used by individuals and the order in which they are sequenced during consumption related influence attempts. Perceived likelihood of compliance is also affected to a certain extent based on how influence strategies are sequenced.     

中国当下的团购网站成败因素分析研究——以淘宝聚划算为例

中国的团购网站在近2年以来呈现了不断增长的趋势,面对良莠不齐的团购网站,市场的淘汰也是很残酷的。目前团购网站大量倒闭,倒闭数量远远大于新增网站数量。本文主要以聚划算为研究对象,从其发展历程、优势分析、案例、营销策略等几个方面进行阐述和分析,希望对中国团购市场的发展起到一定的引导作用。     

财务困境公司的重组战略——基于中国上市公司的实证分析

以1998-2002年期间被ST的上市公司为样本,并根据其ST两年后的摘帽情况分为摘帽与没有摘帽两组,比较这两组公司在争取摘帽过程中采取重组战略的频率、强度,结果表明,摘帽公司比没有摘帽公司更积极、更多地采纳了有前景的、扩张的和聚焦在外部市场的兼并收购战略,而没有摘帽公司则忙于剥离、置换等激进战略。Logit模型回归结果表明,摘帽公司采取的兼并收购有助于其摘掉ST的帽子,而没有摘帽公司采取的资产剥离、资产置换等战略并没有增加摘帽的几率,另外,负债程度对于ST公司的摘帽产生一定的负面影响。     

Repertoire of strategies used by French Canadian mothers living in Montreal to pressure their 10‐year‐old children to eat

This study is concerned with mothers’ use of strategies directed toward their 10‐year‐old children to pressure them to eat. The objective is to document the repertoire of strategies and their context of use. This child‐feeding practice is of interest because of its impact on the child's opportunities for the development of self‐control based on responsiveness to hunger and satiety cues. A total of 24 interviews and one focus group were conducted with French Canadian mothers. Data analyses reveal four major themes associated with the contexts in which pressure to eat were used: food purchasing, food preparation, meal service, food consumption. Strategies related to the context of food purchasing stress the importance of children's influence on family decisions. The strategies used at the time of preparation of meals illustrate the burden of tasks a mother takes on to ensure that her child consumes a particular food. With regard to meal service, very few strategies take into account the appetite of the child. Finally, the variety of strategies deployed at the time of consumption of foods supports the importance of informing parents of the undesirable effect of techniques associated with forcing the child to eat. Avenues for future research are presented.     

How (not) to market socially responsible products: A critical research evaluation

Growing awareness of their obligations towards society leads an increasing number of companies to produce socially responsible products (SRPs). In order to develop suitable marketing and communication strategies, it is essential to have a realistic picture of consumer priorities, and in the light of these findings, of the viability of classical academic marketing approaches, such as Kotler's societal marketing concept. This study provides a qualitative evaluation of the contradictory research literature on consumer interest in SRP and an assessment of the usability of classical marketing approaches. It contributes essential insights to the ongoing academic debate about a conceptualisation of SRP marketing approaches. Also, it will allow practitioners more ease of access to this debate. Findings show that a majority of consumers prioritise conventional product features and demonstrate low interest in SRP. Consumer research which states otherwise is revealed as methodologically flawed. Most classical marketing approaches are shown to be unsuitable for SRP marketing and communication since they fail to take into account the widespread lack of consumer interest and/or focus on consumer features irrelevant to marketing SRP. Directions for future research on SRP marketing and communication strategies are outlined.     

我国汽车自主品牌的营销策略分析

自上个世纪50年代一汽创立以来,我国汽车产业已经有半个多世纪的发展历程。近年来,我国汽车自主品牌因其性价比高倍受消费者的青睐,发展势头迅猛。自主品牌企业也不负重望,不断进行技术创新,不断加强产品品质,以尽量缩小和外资品牌的差距。在自主品牌企业苦修内功的同时,消费者对自主品牌的偏见依旧存在,尤其在中档车市场上,消费者还没有完全接受该品牌。本文拟从市场营销的角度分析我国汽车自主品牌的品牌发展落后的原因,并给出相应的营销对策及建议。     

Impact of directed‐to‐consumers marketing strategies on firm market value

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of different directed‐to‐consumers marketing strategies on firm market value. To that end, we follow a microeconometric approach that consists of formulating a model whose dependent variable is an indicator of market value, that is to say, Tobin's Q, whilst the independent variables take the form of a number of different marketing strategies. This model is estimated by using an unbiased survey carried out in the year 2000 to executives working in 405 North‐American firms. The empirical results indicate that the most effective marketing strategies are, in this order, the ability to rapidly develop new products and services, the importance of both providing customized products and goods of high quality and finally, customer loyalty.     

Optimal trade execution in order books with stochastic liquidity

In financial markets, liquidity changes randomly over time. We consider such random variations of the depth of the order book and evaluate their influence on optimal trade execution strategies. If the stochastic structure of liquidity changes satisfies certain conditions, then the unique optimal trading strategy exhibits a conventional structure with a single wait region and a single buy region, and profitable round‐trip strategies do not exist. In other cases, optimal strategies can feature multiple wait regions and optimal trade sizes that can be decreasing in the size of the position to be liquidated. Furthermore, round‐trip strategies can be profitable depending on bid–ask spread assumptions. We illustrate our findings with several examples including the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model for the evolution of liquidity.     

Consumer Adaptation Strategies: From Austrian Shilling to the Euro

On 1st January 2002, in 12 countries of the European Union, euro notes and coins replaced existing national currencies. The currency changeover required citizens to adapt in various ways. They had to learn to handle new coins and notes, and evaluate prices in the new currency. Data on how these tasks were performed by Austrians are presented. In particular, Austrian consumers applied four different strategies to establish price intuition for the euro: a conversion strategy, an intuitive strategy, an anchor strategy, and a marker value strategy. Data on these strategies show that their application varies across socio-demographic characteristics, differs with purchase situations, relates to euro attitudes, and changes over time. Although the introduction of the euro took place about 5 years ago, the adaptation process is still ongoing.     

C-optimal threat decision n-tuples in collective bargaining

In a two-person game with bargaining, C-optimal threat decision pairs are defined. The definition is compared with that of optimal threat decision pairs in Nash's sense. In the case of differential games, a sufficiency condition for the C-optimality of a threat strategy pair is given and illustrated by examples of collective bargaining.Deceased     

Operational planning and competitive strategies of male and female retailers

Interest in the managerial practices of females in business has increased over the past decade due to women's increased representation in business. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that women approach decision making differently from men. The purpose of this study is to determine if gender differences regarding managerial strategies exist in the retail setting. Targeted managerial strategies focused on short-term planning processes (personnel, financial, inventory and market planning) and competitive strategies in operation (differentiation, cost leadership and focus). In a sample of 459 retailers from a twelve-state region, MANOVA was used to determine if significant differences in managerial strategies existed between genders. The data on retail competitive strategies suggest that men and women more likely than male business owners to recognize in the importance of differentiation and focus as retail competitive strategies in their business operations. Gender differences were also found in the operational planning areas of market and inventory planning.     

On Modeling Questions In Security Valuation

After mentioning some deficiencies of the standard Black-Scholes model for the valuation of call options, we discuss discrete models which allow price changes of the underlying security at discrete time points only. It is shown that, given any distribution with a moment higher than 2, the paths of the Black-Scholes stock price process can be approximated uniformly as closely as one wishes by discrete paths generated by this distribution. Based on this approximation, discrete-time trading strategies are defined. Convergence (in measure and almost surely) of the corresponding financial gain processes is obtained. the results show the robustness of the Black-Scholes model.     

译、乐“合璧”：歌曲译配之途--歌曲译配策略之再研究

成功的歌曲译配，要求译词既能准确传递原词的意义、神韵、风格，又能谐韵合乐，这几乎将译词与配乐的关系定性为矛与盾的关系。这一矛盾的解决有赖于译配策略的指导。歌曲的基本译配策略包括：音译、谐音赋义、嵌套、绎译、转译、归化直译、归化意译和代偿功能等。歌曲译配的难度在于既要使译词保留原词的文学性，又要兼顾其音乐性，选择恰当译配策略实现“译”与“乐”的“双剑合璧”，才是歌曲译配的理想之途。     

Revisiting the Business Environment at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)—From Theoretical Considerations to Practical Realities

ABSTRACT

The area of constraints that firms face when conducting business in difficult environments, such as the bottom of the pyramid (BOP), has been subject to scrutiny in international business. While there has been a general discussion of constraints that firms face in doing business at the BOP, there has been limited effort to constantly revisit these issues in view of the dynamic environment that makes up the BOP. The author critically reexamines the impediments that firms face operating at the BOP with the view of identifying coping strategies used to mitigate the impact of these impediments within a BOP context and their practical, social, and policy implications. Previous studies focus on constraints at the expense of coping strategies and implications. This Zimbabwean study provides a contrasting perspective. Key findings include the identification of changing nature of impediments that are embedded in the BOP context and dynamic coping strategies used by firms to minimize the negative impact of these impediments. The author provides practical, social, and policy implications that can be used to expand insights into the importance of understanding the changing nature of impediments faced by firms at the BOP and the subsequent coping strategies used.     

中国电信集团公司市场营销策划模式探讨

随着电信领域长期垄断经营的局面被打破 ,中国电信业已由垄断逐步走向开放的新时代 ,面临着国内外竞争的巨大压力。“西部大开发”和加入WTO使中国电信业面临着新的机遇与挑战。应运用市场营销学、管理学等理论知识及方法 ,探讨新的营销战略及策略 ,以期对处于激烈的市场竞争中的电信企业带来新的生机与活力 ,赢得更大的市场空间