老青岛之北京路

老青岛人怎能忘记邪充满繁华气质的老街里,那一个个红火兴旺的老字号。青岛,这座年轻的城市,在这120年的进程中,对于老街的记忆是充分的。那些曾经繁华的老街印象如穿针的线,串联起那些千头万绪的回忆。看到老照片,又令我们陷入记忆中的那些街道、那条路,那些似城市体内无数根血管的路,城市之魂仍旧在其中汨汨流淌。而今,我们委说的就是其中之一——北京路。     

广州地铁商铺经营模式:同化与创新

地铁轨道是广州近十几年来最重要的开发建设项目之一。随着网络化的地铁构架形成,"地铁商铺"这个全新的概念孕育而生。很多投资者对此趋之若鹜,纷纷竞标,但很多商铺经营模式趋于同化,经营并不理想,轮番倒闭转让。本文从地铁商铺的困境出发,详细探讨了地铁商铺经营模式的创新。     

Retail revolution and the village shop,c. 1660–1860

Village shops have been largely overlooked in the recent literature on British retailing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which has sought to redefine the parameters and timing of retail transformation. While urban shops have been explored in detail, often in ways that highlight their role in a parallel transformation in consumption patterns, little attempt has been made to look inside village shops or examine the character and practices of rural retailers. This article addresses this lacuna and offers fresh insights into the shifting position of village shops in these broader economic, business, and social changes. Taking a long view of the period c. 1660–1860, it draws on a wide range of sources to examine the stock sold and the degree of specialization exhibited by village shops, and the changing trading practices of village shopkeepers, including the provision of credit, the pricing of goods, and marketing activities. In doing so, the article highlights both long‐term continuities and important innovations of the type that also characterize urban shops, and argues that village shops, while central to rural social and economic networks, were also intimately bound into broader retail systems.     

Balancing the Baltic trade: colonial commodities in the trade on the Baltic, 1773–1856

Abstract

This article attempts to look at the connection between the Atlantic and the Baltic economies during the transition from early modern to the modern era. Previous research has seriously underestimated the importance of colonial commodities traded on the Baltic during this period. Colonial commodities, particularly from the American plantation complex, became ever more important for the Western European balance of payments on the Baltic. Already by the late eighteenth century, these commodities were on aggregate worth approximately as much as the exports of strategic commodities such as grains or iron from the Baltic at the same time. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the value of colonial commodities imported to the region far surpassed the value of such key exports from the Baltic. The colonial commodities thus constituted an important part of the balance of payments for the trade on the Baltic.     

明星开店赔多赚少

几年前，腾格尔曾在西安和平路上开了西安的第一家明星餐厅“腾格尔酒楼”，到如今周杰伦等在西安安营扎寨做生意时，腾格尔已悄然退出“江湖”，他的餐厅两三年前就已倒闭，在西安赔了300万。     

寄售模式下商业价值影响因素：基于格子铺视角的实证研究

运用文献研究、问卷调查和数理统计分析法,对格子铺这一营销实践中的新型零售业态进行了理论与实证的研究。通过因子分析、相关分析获取了格子铺商业价值的衡量指标（进店率、销售毛利和租格率）与顾客价值、格主价值、铺主价值三个维度之间的关系。用现实中的影响因素来解释了三个主要的利益主体价值维度。最后,提出了提升以格子铺为代表的寄售模式商业价值的建议。     

Intoxicants and the invention of ‘consumption’

In 1600 the word ‘consumption’ was a term of medical pathology describing the ‘wasting, petrification of things’. By 1700 it was also a term of economic discourse: ‘In commodities, the value rises as its quantity is less and vent greater, which depends upon it being preferred in its consumption’. The article traces the emergence of this key category of economic analysis to debates over the economy in the 1620s and subsequent disputes over the excise tax, showing how ‘consumption’ was an early term in the developing lexicon of political economy. In so doing the article demonstrates the important role of ‘intoxicants’—that is, addictive and intoxicating commodities like alcohols and tobaccos—in shaping these early meanings and uses of ‘consumption’. It outlines the discursive importance of intoxicants, both as the foci for discussions of ‘superfluous’ and ‘necessary’ consumption and the target of legislation on consumption. It argues that while these discussions had an ideological dimension, or dimensions, they were also responses to material increases in the volume and diversity of intoxicants in early seventeenth-century England. By way of conclusion the article suggests the significance of the Low Countries as a point of reference for English writers, as well as a more capacious and semantically sensitive approach to changes in early modern consumption practices.     

The ‘Special’ World: Stalin's Power Apparatus and the Soviet System's Secret Structures Of Communication

ABSTRACT

Two of the most defining trends of the nineteenth century were the growth of international trade and the increased role of government activities in the economy. In the conjuncture between these developments lie taxes on foreign trade. Sweden was one of the examples where customs revenue became the single most important source of revenue before WWI. This article sets out to test how this source of revenue could increase as much as it did. The analysis focuses mainly on trade policy and how tariffs were set and how that affected revenue. The results show that Swedish liberalisation of trade forced a switch in the fiscal structure of tariffs, moving revenue to fewer commodities. Increased importance was given to consumption goods with lower elasticity of demand. Trade continued to increase under fiscal taxation, which led to increases in revenue. During the early period increased revenue was achieved with higher tariffs on a few key commodities. Towards the end of the century tariffs on agricultural and capital goods became more fiscally relevant, which could have clashed with protectionist intentions. The article highlights that more work is needed on this fiscal component of trade policy.     

How much did China's WTO accession increase economic growth in resource-rich countries?

We provide an estimate of China's impact on the growth rate of resource-rich countries after its WTO accession on 11 December 2001. Our empirical approach follows the logic of the differences-in-differences estimator. In addition to temporal variation arising from the WTO accession, which we argue was exogenous to other countries' growth trajectories, we exploit spatial variation arising from differences in natural resource wealth. This allows us to compare changes in economic growth in the post-accession period relative to the pre-accession period between countries that were able to benefit from the surge in demand for industrial commodities brought about by China's WTO accession and countries that were less able to do so. We find that roughly one tenth of average annual post-accession growth in resource-rich countries was due to China's increased appetite for commodities. We use this finding to inform the debate about what will happen to economic growth in resource-rich countries as China rebalances and its demand for commodities weakens.     

Mechanical refrigeration, seasonality, and the hog-corn cycle in the United States: 1870-1940

This paper examines the role of mechanical refrigeration in seasonality and structural change in the U.S. hog-corn cycle, 1870-1940. This period covers an era in which the widespread adoption of mechanical refrigeration greatly affected the ability to store and transport perishable commodities. These developments in turn altered the seasonal production and price structure for many commodities, including pork. We use a new class of time series models, time-varying smooth transition autoregressions (TV-STARs), to document both the structural change and the nonlinear features observed in seasonal patterns for the U.S. hog-corn price relationship during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.     

从租客到铺东:清至民国城市店铺产权形态的演变

在性质上,“铺底权”与我们熟知的“田面权”相似,指的是在租赁过程中铺客投资于他人之土地及其建筑物上而生出之物权。但是,“铺底权”的内涵却远比“田面权”复杂,其主要包括以下三个核心要素:一是不动产铺房的永久租赁使用权;二是商铺装修与经营添置的动产,包括家具、设备、货物、门窗、牌匾等;三是商铺经营形成的无形资产,包括商业信誉、顾客群体、招牌字号等。在清代,铺底尚属民间的商业习惯,铺底的倒卖与转让无须向国家纳税,证明铺底之存在的关键凭证是一系列的民间交易契约。进入民国之后,在延续旧有习惯的基础,上,大理院、司法院的判例都对“铺底权”给予了正式承认,视其为一种具有效力的法律物权。然而,现代国家并不总是从“财政汲取”的立场来保护和维持“铺底权”,反而为了建立更为“清晰和简单”的产权治理体系,对此习惯物权采取了消极态度,不仅逐渐限制“铺底”的创设,而且还禁止铺底的买卖、租赁等市场行为。     

The sixteenth‐century price rise: new evidence from Scotland, 1500–85

This article contributes to the emerging belief among early modern economic historians that sixteenth‐century inflation was primarily caused by monetary factors. The Scottish case study reveals a strong relationship between coinage debasement and rising prices, a contention strengthened by the fact that the Scottish experience of inflation was high in European terms, and, in particular, stands at a considerable distance from the English pattern. This study includes the first scholarly examination of prices during the 1540s, and reveals that substantial inflation first emerged during this hitherto neglected decade. Prices plateaued during the 1550s, and rose consistently from 1560 to 1585. Meanwhile real wages declined during the 1540s and from 1560 onwards. This article is methodologically innovative in constructing two baskets of commodities, designed to represent the elite experience, alongside a more traditional basket based on a working household. These reveal the divergent experiences of the price rise within Scotland: rising prices hit the poor harder than the rich due to the high cost of domestic agricultural goods in the subsistence basket and the deflationary impact of wages and luxury goods upon the overall elite basket.     

易腐物品第三方物流配送模式研究

易腐物品物流在我国面临着巨大的挑战,在各种物流配送模型中,本文针对易腐物品物流特性,站在需求厂商的角度(包括连锁店、零售商等),对第三方物流配送模式进行分析,并探讨我国发展第三方物流的策略问题,对于进一步改善易腐物品物流现状有着重要意义。     

Commodity option pricing efficiency before Black,Scholes, and Merton

It is often thought that the arrival of the Black–Scholes–Merton (BSM) model of option pricing in the early 1970s allowed traders to understand how to price and value options with greater precision. However, our study suggests that interwar commodity options traders may have been able to intuit ‘fair’ value and to adjust their prices to changes in the market environment well before the advent of this innovative model. A scarcity of historical price data has limited empirical tests of option price efficiency well before BSM to studies of stock options in the 1870s and the early twentieth century which revealed contrasting findings. This study deals with option pricing in a different market—commodities—during the interwar period. We conclude that option prices were closer to their BSM theoretical values than prior studies suggest. Institutional differences between interwar commodity options markets and stock options markets in the 1870s and the early twentieth century may partly account for this result. Furthermore, we find that interwar option prices were no more mispriced than in modern times, and were as sensitive to changes in volatility—the key valuation parameter in the BSM model.     

TRENDS IN RURAL WAGES,WEST JAVA, 1977–83

This paper examines monthly wage data collected by the Agro Economic Survey from seven villages in the Cimanuk River Basin of West Java, where data on agricultural and non-agricultural wages and prices of nine essential commodities were collected twice monthly between 1977 and 1983. Movements in money wages deflated by both the rice price and a weighted index of basic commodities are analysed in detail and differences between lowland and upland villages are discussed.     

Agricultural exports and the agenda for accelerated development in Africa

In this article the translog cost function with non-neutral parameter shifts is used to study the import demand functions of agricultural commodities which African countries export in competition with other developing regions of the world. It is shown that there has been a systematic bias against the import of these commodities from Africa in favor of importing them from other developing regions. It is then argued that these results support the apprehensions of many African leaders regarding the adoption of a policy of agriculture-based, exportled growth to accelerate economic development on the continent. This article has benefited tremendously from valuable comments and insights by two anonymous referees, the journal editor, as well as Adesina Fadairo and Ki-Ho Kim. All remaining errors are mine.     

加工贸易方式下进口货物转内销应采取的措施分析及建议

由于历史原因,现行检验检疫政策的制定基础、管理对象和配套的业务管理系统都主要是针对以一般贸易方式进出口的货物,较少考虑加工贸易方式的特殊性,从而使得基层检验检疫机构对以加工贸易方式进出口货物的监管事倍功半。对于类似东莞这样以加工贸易方式为主的地区,矛盾显得尤为突出。检验检疫机构在申报、监管到放行等一系列工作环节中,都遇到了不少问题。有限而又宝贵的人力资源和时间都被大量的花费到了风险相对较小的加工贸易监管方式上,本来应该进行重点监管的一般贸易方式却因为检验检疫机构分身乏术而未能实现严密有效的监管,尤其是本来就极为薄弱的后续监管环节现在更是亟需时间和精力加强监管力度。     

Challenging the de‐industrialization thesis: gender and indigenous textile production in Java under Dutch colonial rule,c. 1830–1920

Many dependency theorists as well as economic historians have contended that nineteenth‐century imperial policies and economic globalization de‐industrialized the global ‘periphery’. European metropoles extracted raw materials and tropical commodities from their overseas territories, and in turn indigenous consumers bought their industrial products, textiles in particular. This article investigates three of the assumptions of Ricardian trade theory that are often behind the de‐industrialization narrative. In this article it is argued that, at least for colonial Java's textile industry, these assumptions should be reconsidered. Adverse trade policies imposed by the Dutch and a prolonged terms‐of‐trade boom in favour of primary commodities make colonial Java a unique case for exploring the merits of the de‐industrialization thesis. Here it is demonstrated that Javanese households resourcefully responded to changing market circumstances, in the first place by flexible allocation of female labour. Moreover, indigenous textile producers specialized in certain niches that catered for local demand. Because of these factors, local textile production in Java appears to have been much more resilient than most of the historical literature suggests. These findings not only shed new light on the social and economic history of colonial Indonesia, but also contribute to the recent literature on alternative, labour‐intensive paths of industrialization in the non‐western world.     

Bilateral political relations,space spillovers and the import expansion of China’s bulk commodity

The stability of bulk commodities imports is crucial to the development and stability of the country’s economy. Because its political attribute is more significant than other commodities, the trade of bulk commodities is more easily affected by bilateral political relations. However, there are only few studies examine the impact of political relations between countries and their spatial spillovers on bulk commodities’ imports. Based on “United Nations (UN) Voting General Assembly Voting Data” and “China Import and Export Statistics Data” from 1996 to 2014, this paper empirically examines the influence of the spatial spillover of China’s political relations with countries other than potential importing countries on the import expansion of China’s bulk commodity from the potential importing country. The results show that the improvement of bilateral political relations between China and other countries has a negative spatial spillover effect on the import of bulk commodities. However, this negative effect will be changed as China starts to establish a sound bilateral political relation with the potential importing country. Meanwhile, the more significant the political attributes of commodities, the greater the negative effect of spatial spillover. The import expansion of commodities with significant political attributes requires an improvement in direct bilateral relations.     

Consumption and material culture in sixteenth‐century Ireland1

New evidence from a series of 11 Bristol customs accounts indicates that Irish consumption patterns underwent significant changes over the course of the sixteenth century. This article considers the use of the Bristol ‘particular’ accounts and port books as a source for Irish material culture and consumption studies and uses the customs data as a statistical framework on which to establish how, why, and to what extent patterns of consumption changed in Ireland. It considers who was consuming the increasing range of commodities that were imported into Ireland from Bristol towards the end of the century, and what changing consumption patterns may reveal about the nature of Ireland's economy, society, and culture during this critical period in Irish history.