Public capital, endogenous growth, and endogenous fluctuations

Cazzavillan [Cazzavillan, G., 1996. Public spending, endogenous growth, and endogenous fluctuations. Journal of Economic Theory 71, 394–415] studies a discrete-time, one-sector endogenous growth model with a flow of publicly enjoyable goods and productive services financed through income taxation. He demonstrates how equilibrium paths are indeterminate, for a large range of the consumption externality of public spending. This study extends [Cazzavillan, 1996] by considering an otherwise identical production function, except with public capital stock as an input. The results support the robustness of multiple growth paths even in a one-sector growth model with public capital stock, and modify the set of the consumption externality of public spending, in determining growth dynamics in a similar model with non-accumulated public spending.     

收入分配影响经济增长的内在机制

由内生增长理论,本文提出了收入分配影响经济增长的间接机制和直接机制,并结合经济增长模式分析收入分配在不同阶段上如何影响经济增长.工业化时期,经济增长主要是由物质资本推动的,收入分配影响经济增长主要是直接机制一和间接机制一,收入差距扩大影响经济增长的方向不能确定.现代经济时期,经济增长主要是由人力资本推动的,收入分配影响经济增长主要的是直接机制二和间接机制二,收入差距扩大不利于经济增长.     

农村基础设施投资对农民收入的影响——基于动态面板数据模型的经验研究

本文采用1999～2008年中国大陆省级面板数据,分析农村基础设施投资对农民收入的影响,得出以下结论:农村基础设施投资总体上对农民收入具有促进作用,但作用有限;能源基础设施投资对农民收入具有正向促进作用,而社会事业基础设施投资却存在抑制作用,交通通讯基础设施投资除西部地区外也对农民收入具有正向促进作用。因此,政府一方面要根据各地实际建立多元化的市场投融资体系,解决农村基础设施投资的资金缺乏问题;另一方面还要做好农村基础设施投资的统筹规划,选择正确的优先投资方向,使有限的投资产生最大的福利效应。     

Institutions, infrastructure, and economic growth

This paper develops a structural model of infrastructure and output growth that takes account of institutional and economic factors that mediate in the infrastructure–GDP interactions. Cross-country estimates of the model indicate that the contribution of infrastructure services to GDP is substantial and, in general, exceeds the cost of provision of those services. The results also shed light on the factors that shape a country's response to its infrastructure needs and offer policy implications for facilitating the removal of infrastructure inadequacies.     

转轨时期的中国经济增长和收入分配

本文回顾了中国20年经济增长和收入分配格局演变历程,认为尽管中国实现了经济的快速增长,但由于收入分配不公所导致的社会不稳定因素也在加剧。笔者结合西方发展经济学关于经济增长和收入分配的理论和实证分析结果,从中国国情出发,批判了"增长主流论"的观点。认为为实现经济增长和收入分配的动态协调发展,我们在用财税手段对收入分配差距进行调整的同时,也必须对权力机构、垄断、教育制度进行改革,以寻求标本兼治之策。     

Human capital distribution, growth and convergence

This paper studies the dynamic relationship between distribution and endogenous growth in an overlapping generations model with accumulation of human and physical capital. It is shown how human capital can determine a relationship between per capita growth rates and inequality in the distribution of income. Family background effects and spillovers in the transmission of human capital generate dynamics in which aggregate variables depend not only on the stock, but also on the distribution of human capital. The evolution of this distribution over time is then characterized under different assumptions on private returns and the form of the externality in the technology for human capital. Conditions for existence, uniqueness and stability of a constant growth equilibrium with a stationary distribution are derived. Increasing returns, idiosyncratic abilities and the possibility of poverty traps are explicitely characterized in a closed form solution of the equilibrium dynamics, showing the role played by technology and preferences parameters.     

Income Taxation, Endogenous Factor Prices and Production Efficiency

In an analysis of a two‐type income tax model with endogenous wages, this paper shows that production efficiency is violated in the optimum with (i) non‐linear and (ii) linear income taxation if and only if a distortionary tax schedule is implemented. These findings complement earlier results of the literature. In passing, it is also shown that optima with non‐linear redistributive income taxation cannot be identified with the redistributive regime if the assumption of endogenous wages is taken seriously.     

On the heterogeneous impact of public capital and current spending on growth across nations

This paper captures the heterogeneous impact on growth, of public capital and current spending, for 15 developing countries. Using the GMM system panel estimator, we show that countries with substantial public capital (current) spending have strong negative (positive) growth effects.     

我国职工工资增长因素的实证分析——基于七省市PDM模型

针对近年来“经济高增长但工资低增长”的问题,即劳动要素分配份额不断下降的问题,本文基于2004年至2010年中国统计年鉴关于职工平均工资指数、地区生产总值指数、消费者物价指数、劳动力就业指数以及人力资本投资指数的时间序列以及横截面数据的收集整理,建立计量经济面板数据模型(PDM),提出了一套考察我国职工工资增长的影响因素及其大小的评价方法.并根据模型分析结果,提出了在确保一定经济增长速度的条件下应因地制宜地积极推进收入倍增计划、完善工资保障和补贴制度、建立健全工资谈判机制、加大人力资本投入、协调收入增长与经济增长关系等五项政策建议.     

收入分配不平等、有效需求与经济增长——一个基于中国经济转型期的实证研究

本文从有效需求角度入手,探究中国经济转型期经济增长与收入分配不平等之间的关系,并运用中国1978-2005年间28个省市的面板数据,通过面板数据单位根检验、协整检验与误差修正模型,对中国经济增长与收入分配不平等、有效需求、劳动力、投资、教育以及收入分配不平等和有效需求交互影响之间的长期关系和短期关系进行了研究。结果显示,中国经济转型期经济增长与收入分配不平等、有效需求具有长期的均衡关系,收入分配不平等通过有效需求机制阻碍了经济增长,且在短期内效果也非常显著。     

Optimal nonlinear income taxation with learning-by-doing

This paper examines a two-period model of optimal nonlinear income taxation with learning-by-doing, in which second-period wages are an increasing function of first-period labour supply. We consider the cases when the government can and cannot commit to its second-period tax policy. In both cases, the canonical Mirrlees/Stiglitz results regarding optimal marginal tax rates generally no longer apply. In particular, if the government cannot commit and each consumer's skill-type is revealed, it is optimal to distort the high-skill type's labour supply downwards through a positive marginal tax rate to relax an incentive-compatibility constraint. Our analysis therefore identifies a setting in which a positive marginal tax rate on the highest-skill individual can be justified, despite its depressing effect on both labour supply and wages.     

Growth and human capital: good data,good results

We present a new data set for years of schooling across countries for the 1960–2000 period. The series are constructed from the OECD database on educational attainment and from surveys published by UNESCO. Two features that improve the quality of our data with respect to other series, particularly for series in first-differences, are the use of surveys based on uniform classification systems of education over time, and an intensified use of information by age groups. As a result of the improvement in quality, these new series can be used as a direct substitute for Barro and Lee’s (2001; Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 541–563) data in empirical research. In standard cross-country growth regressions we find that our series yield significant coefficients for schooling. In panel data estimates our series are also significant even when the regressions account for the accumulation of physical capital. Moreover, the estimated macro return is consistent with those reported in labour studies. These results differ from the typical findings of the earlier literature and are a consequence of the reduction in measurement error in the series.      

Intelligence, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach

Human capital plays an important role in the theory of economic growth, but it has been difficult to measure this abstract concept. We survey the psychological literature on cross-cultural IQ tests and conclude that intelligence tests provide one useful measure of human capital. Using a new database of national average IQ, we show that in growth regressions that include only robust control variables, IQ is statistically significant in 99.8% of these 1330 regressions, easily passing a Bayesian model-averaging robustness test. A 1 point increase in a nation’s average IQ is associated with a persistent 0.11% annual increase in GDP per capita.     

Fiscal deficits,monetary reform and inflation stabilization in romania

Developing countries have witnessed an increase in foreign bank participation during the last decade. Using bank level data for the period 1991–2001, we examine the influence of foreign banks on the financing of small firms in Tanzania. Despite dominating the banking sector, results suggest that the financing of small firms by foreign banks is insignificant compared to domestic banks. Clearly, there is a need for a new approach to policy that will encourage significant foreign bank lending to small firms.     

Human capital, inequality, endogenous growth and educational subsidy: A theoretical analysis

This paper develops an endogenous growth model with dualism in human capital accumulation of two types of individuals. The government imposes a proportional income tax on rich individuals and uses the tax revenue to finance the educational subsidy given to poor individuals. We find out the properties of the optimal tax financed educational subsidy policy in the semi-stationary equilibrium of the model using the technique of Stackelberg differential game.