社会变迁影响下的中国中产阶层划分标准

中产阶层是一个不断变化的社会发展概念,不同历史发展时期中产阶层具体含义不同,影响个体社会地位的具体因素也不同。新中国成立60多年以来,学界对中产阶层的认识、看法发生了很大的变化,决定中产阶层社会地位的具体因素也出现了很大的变化,明确中产阶层划分标准成为正确认识社会结构现状的关键。     

中产阶层消费场域研究

中产阶层作为我国一个重要的消费群体,其消费场域已经引起普遍的关注.本文首先对中产阶层消费场域的相关概念进行界定,然后分别分析中产阶层消费场域的外部环境和内部特征.研究发现,中产阶层消费场域的外部环境主要包括社会经济制度、经济发展水平、社会关系,内部特征体现在收入结构、消费结构、消费文化等方面.     

要为中产正名

目前中产阶层发展的徘徊乃至回流,折射出中国社会发展中深层次的问题。其中既有现行体制机制方面的问题,也有政策措施方面的问题,还有中国社会生态和国际金融危机影响等等因素,最主要的可能还是对中产阶层发展的认识上的问题。     

中产阶层：理论阐释、演进与民主化

中国的社会结构转型是一场以经济体制改革为先导、为直接动力的全面而深刻的转型。这必然导致社会结构的解体、分化和新的阶层的重组。在这一系列的变革中，中产阶层在悄然崛起、壮大和发展，并且必然在未来成为中国民主化进程最为中坚的力量。而中产阶层的崛起与政治民主化有着密切联系，中产阶层的崛起是民主化的基础，民主化促进了中产阶层的发展。     

国家发展改革委投资司有关负责同志就《关于规范实施政府和社会资本合作新机制的指导意见》答记者问

<正>政府和社会资本合作（PPP）实施近十年来,一定程度上起到了改善公共服务、拉动有效投资的作用,但在实践中也出现了一些亟待解决的问题。规范实施政府和社会资本合作新机制,有利于畅通民间资本参与基础设施投资的渠道,拓宽民间投资空间,有利于充分发挥市场机制作用,提高基础设施和公用事业项目建设运营水平,有利于遏制新增地方政府隐性债务,确保规范发展、阳光运行,对促进经济社会高质量发展意义重大。     

扩大中等收入者比重的哲学、经济学、社会学思考

十六大报告在深化分配制度改革中提出,以共同富裕为目标,扩大中等收入者比重,提高低收入者收入水平.这是一个新的提法,有重要的理论意义和实践价值.因为它是全面建设小康社会的重要内容.本文认为中国已经出现了一个中产阶层,但比重很小.要扩大其比重必须以邓小平"先富、后富"理论为指导,关键在于解决"三农"问题,进一步推动民营企业、非公有制经济的发展以及进一步放宽政策,发展经济,解放生产力.扩大中等收入者比重的结果是改善我国社会结构,实现这一目标要靠扎扎实实的工作,切忌大搞群众运动.     

民间信用的效应分析

本文通过透析浙江民间金融的发展历程,揭示了民间信用的两大效应:(1)民间信用,从一开始就实践着真正意义上的银行信用,扭转了企业信用的软约束,从而有利于营造信用环境的良性循环.(2)民间信用缓解了中小企业融资难的问题,在共同发展的过程中降低了融资成本.同时民间信用还担当了"孵化器"角色,为国有银行培育了客户.     

论扩大中产阶层与和谐社会的构建

中产阶层是物质文明和精神文明并存的阶层,中产阶层的社会功能体现在:对于市场经济秩序行为具有示范功能;对现代社会价值观及社会规范的创建、引导功能;对社会利益矛盾的缓冲功能,因此扩大中产阶层是构建和谐社会的必然选择。     

中产阶层迅速崛起的社会背景及其发展障碍

在中国改革开放过程中,中产阶层迅速崛起,并不断发展壮大,成为促进社会经济、保持社会稳定、推进文化发展的重要力量、社会地位公正获得的示范力量。解放思想、创新理论,市场的发展、改革的推动,现代教育的发展都是中产阶层迅速崛起的原因。但这一阶层要取得进一步的发展,还面临着社会流动机制、三农问题、产业结构和社会保障体系等方面的制约。     

中产阶层的消费心理和行为分析

中产阶层已经成为我国城市消费的中坚力量,对社会消费有着示范性的作用,蕴藏着巨大的市场潜力。本文分析了中产阶层的消费心理;根据中产阶层1990年至2004年的消费支出水平和结构,分析了中产阶层在食品、衣着、居住等8个消费领域的消费行为;探讨了中产阶层的消费新特征和发展趋势。     

民营经济增长中的融资制度安排

改革开放30年以来,民营经济在改革中的贡献度日益提高,急需融资结构的支持。由于正规金融对民营经济的支持力度较弱,而民间融资的规模又无法满足民营经济增长的需求,民营经济发展受到融资制度约束。开发性金融作为连接政府与市场的有效融资制度安排,为解决这一长期困扰民营经济融资的难题找到了解决途径。     

The income inequality,financial depth and economic growth nexus in China

Income inequality has increased in China despite rapid economic growth. Income inequality could impinge on future development, leading to social tension or political instability. Our study investigates the short-run and long-run relationship between three important macroeconomic indicators—income inequality, economic growth and financial depth. We utilise a two-step procedure of ARDL bounds and Granger causality for the analysis. The bounds test indicates the presence of a cointegrating relationship between income inequality, financial depth and economic growth in the long run. In the second step, we utilise the Granger causality approach. Results show a bidirectional causality between financial depth-growth and a unidirectional causality between inequality-growth in the short run. In the long run, results reveal that growth and financial depth determine Gini. Our findings provide support for the inequality-widening effect due to economic growth and higher credit provided to the private sector. We find no evidence of inequality-narrowing or income-equalising effect in the long run for the period of study. It is possible that the government's inclusive growth policies which started less than a decade ago have not taken effect for us to capture the inverted U-shape income equalising effect significantly.     

中小民营企业国际化社会责任公关战略探讨——以温州哈杉为例的研究

国际化渐进理论认为,企业的国际化是一个逐步探索、渐进完成的过程。温州民营企业哈杉反规律而成功实现跳跃式成长,在全球金融危机背景下其成绩尤为亮眼,在进行成功归因分析中,其独特的社会责任公关战略成为其赢得利益相关者支持、顺利跨越文化障碍、有效化解各种危机的关键。     

民营企业集团中的小企业的财务风险与预警

经过20多年的改革开放,民营经济已经成为支撑国民经济和社会发展的重要力量.普遍存在的重销售、轻理财现象,严重制约着民营经济的进一步发展.民营企业只有全面更新观念,确立现代理财意识,净化财务管理环境,才能有效地提高财务管理水平,才能发展.     

论当前我国侦查的私人刑事调查化

侦查作为国家法定机关运用公权力查明案情和犯罪嫌疑人的主要手段,当前它在我国却涌现出了私人刑事调查化的特征。这主要包括侦查的间接私人刑事调查化和直接私人刑事调查化两方面。它们的出现虽带有一定现实阶段合理性,但其危害则更加严重。应从加大侦查经费投入并不断强化相应司法财政监督机制、构建系统的非法私人刑事调查证据排除规则、对私家侦探行业实施特殊监管三方面对当前我国侦查的私人刑事调查化进行消解。     

民营企业失败的驱动因素分析——基于金融危机中倒闭浙商的案例研究

文章运用多案例研究方法,选取2008年金融危机以来破产重组的五家浙江龙头民营企业,从生存因素理论框架的企业自身特征、行业特征及整体环境特征三个方面对民营企业失败的原因进行了探讨。从七个子因素分析了中国大型民营企业失败的共同原因,其中企业家素质、公司治理有效性、增长模式、金融环境等是导致民营企业失败的主因。基于自然人素质和法人环境的动态匹配能力,是提升民营企业存续能力和生存质量的关键。     

略论政府职能与财政功能的转变

通过今年上半年抗击非典的斗争,我们比过去更深刻地认识到,我国经济发展和社会发展还不够协调.经过讨论,比较倾向性的意见是,政府职能和财政的功能要从经济建设型转向公共服务型.在这个转变中,可以探讨经济建设与社会建设孰轻孰重的问题.发展社会主义现代化建设既包括经济建设,也包括社会建设.经济增长本身不是目的,它只是实现社会发展的手段.发展的政策目标应当是提高人的生活质量和增强人的能力,提高人类发展水平,而不仅仅是人均GDP水平.我国市场化经济改革进程,为政府职能、财政功能的转换奠定了坚实的基础.多种所有制共同发展格局形成,市场经济主体不应再由政府承担,转应由企业主要是民营企业来承担.政府应更多地把注意力和公共资源投向提供公共产品和公共服务,转向为社会发展政策提供财政保障方面来.政府应当是公共产品和社会服务的提供主体,而不是经济建设的主体.由于多年来我们没有把财政的行为目标锁定在满足社会公共需要上,经济建设费用过多和公共支出的虚耗,挤占了稀缺的公共资源,侵蚀了政府的财力,在社会公益事业(特别是医疗卫生和基础教育方面,政府行为与财源分配严重失误)方面投入太少,欠账太多,因此社会问题越积越多.为了缓解社会矛盾,保持社会的稳定和安全,实现以人为本的发展目标,普遍提高全体人民特别是低收入群体的福利,我们政府要加快从那些不属于社会公共需要的领域抽身,降低财政支出中用于经济建设的比重,压缩越位的公共产品和非公共产品的支出,把更多的公共资源真正用到社会公共需要的领域来.     

Private Equity Finance as a Growth Engine: What It Means for Emerging Markets

Entrepreneurship has long been considered crucial for economic development. An important element of entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability to mobilize private capital from both domestic and foreign sources. The private equity sector in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) illustrates the role that private capital can play in the development of emerging markets. Data on the employment generation and growth performance of private equity provide evidence that it is an important driver of economic growth globally. This paper draws on initial evidence from the MENA region to illustrate the sector's potential there and in emerging markets generally. It then recommends a new generation of reforms to fuel this growth engine. A survey of MENA’s private equity industry survey conducted for this paper assesses these developments and the sector's need for proactive reforms to support it. It also shows that international financial market interest in private equity finance does not seem to have abated with the recent market bust. The paper concludes by identifying priority areas for future policy and research. JEL Classification O160     

基于社会关系嵌入的私人银行业务发展探究

随着高净值人群的快速增长,我国私人银行业规模也迅速扩张,但同时遭遇服务供不应求、盈利状况不佳及客户群不稳定的发展瓶颈。基于我国特有的文化背景和私人银行客户群的特殊理财观,本文指出将社会关系嵌入私人银行服务的必要性及其在现实中的发展状况。细分客户群和提升专业服务能力是社会关系嵌入式的私人银行服务得以实施的基础。     

The IMF After the Asian Crisis: Merits and Limitations of the ‘Long‐term Development Partner’ Role

We examine the view, espoused by a number of commentators in recent months, that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) should seek to withdraw from its long‐term lending operations, in the wake of the recent financial crisis in Asia and elsewhere, and restrict itself to its ‘core competency’ of preventing and where necessary lending into financial crisis. This view is based on a belief that such long‐term lending crowds out both private sector operations and short‐term IMF lending; and that it is ineffective, because of weaknesses in the IMF’s conditionality. Both of these propositions, we argue, can be challenged. In the poorer developing countries there is virtually no private sector to crowd out, and Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) operations have been conspicuously successful, not only at promoting growth, but also at achieving structural changes not at all achieved by aid donors such as strengthening the tax base. Such changes inevitably require a longer time‐period than the standard three years of an IMF standby, not only in order to induce a production response but also in order to achieve the necessary measure of stabilisation and economic reform without imposing social pressures which wreck the production response. The latter argument is particularly powerful in middle income countries, and provides an argument for IMF support to these countries also whilst they are temporarily excluded from international capital markets. Often also a long‐term presence is needed to achieve effective leverage in short‐term operations. In such cases the IMF’s long‐term lending should be seen as preconditional to the success of, and not as an alternative to, its short‐term operations. We therefore argue for the retention of the Fund’s long‐term lending function; and for this function not to be transferred to the World Bank, which has less credibility in global financial markets and less comparative advantage in macro‐economic management. Measures are indeed needed to reduce the level of the IMF’s exposure to risk in poorer developing countries, but those, we believe, should consist of the preventive measures currently going on, and measures to increase the ratio of equity to debt, rather than measures which would jeopardise the progress in long‐term poverty alleviation capacity achieved by the Fund over recent years