经济全球化条件下跨国公司的国际避税行为

经济全球化带来经济飞速发展的同时，也使国际避税问题变得更加复杂。现阶段，跨国公司所采取的主要避税手段包括转让定价、滥用国际税收协定、利用避税港避税、利用资本弱化避税、利用电子商务避税、利用金融衍生工具避税等。     

外商投资企业逆向避税问题与对策

逆向避税是我国外商投资企业采用的主要避税方式。外商投资企业把利润逆向转移到境外高税区,追求的是资本转移及逃避预期风险等非税收目标。这给国家和中方投资者带来了双重的经济利益损失,扰乱了我国的经济秩序,应通过完善转让定价法规等,有效防范外商投资企业的逆向避税问题,维护我国的经济权益。     

健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想

随着经济全球化的发展,国际避税活动在数量上有增无减,在手法上不断翻新,因而,反避税工作日益艰巨.本文从我国国情出发,通过借鉴国际经验,分别从进一步完善转让定价税制、规范推进预约定价和建立避税港对策税制、资本弱化税制和反滥用税收协定的措施等方面论述了健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想.     

健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想

随着经济全球化的发展，国际避税活动在数量上有增无减，在手法上不断翻新，因而，反避税工作日益艰巨。本文从我国国情出发，通过借鉴国际经验，分别从进一步完善转让定价税制、规范推进预约定价和建立避税港对策税制、资本弱化税制和反滥用税收协定的措施等方面论述了健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想。     

WTO条件下建立健全我国的反国际避税制度

各国的税法和税收制度很难在内容和标准上达到完全一致,从而使跨国纳税人在纳税方面有机可乘。跨国纳税入主要利用转让定价、国际避税地、滥用国际税收协定、资本弱化以及电子商务等方式进行国际避税。国际避税行为由于其手段的外表合法性,因而在国际经贸活动中日益猖獗,给国家的财政收入带来了严重损失。随着来我国投资的外资越来越多,国际避税问题在我国也变得日益严重。如何防范国际避税,更好地维护我国的财政税收,稳定市场秩序,就成为我国税法改革的重要内容。     

大陆最新关联交易申报及调查规定与因应

大陆于2008年1月1日开始实施的《企业所得税法》及其实施条例第六章规定了“特别纳税调整”条款，这是大陆第一次较全面的反避税立法。其内容不仅包括大陆实践多年的转让定价和预约定价，还借鉴国际经验，首次引入了成本分摊协议、资本弱化、受控外国企业、一般反避税以及对避税调整补税加收利息等规定。     

商品贸易中的转让定价与税基侵蚀:来自我国对外投资企业的实证检验

文章利用2000~2010年海关出口数据和对外直接投资名录,在微观层面上识别了中国对外直接投资企业出口商品环节通过转让定价进行避税,侵蚀我国企业所得税税基。研究发现:(1)中国对外直接投资企业在出口贸易中正在利用转让定价进行避税,具体表现为,出口目的国税率每低于我国1%,关联交易价格会显著下降0.002%,半弹性为-0.002;(2)中国对外签署的双重征税协定对企业转让定价避税有明显的抑制作用;(3)企业转让定价避税在不同所有制企业中存在异质性,具体表现为,国有企业相对民营企业和外资企业来说转让定价避税程度更大。     

商品贸易中的转让定价与税基侵蚀:来自我国对外投资企业的实证检验北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章利用2000~2010年海关出口数据和对外直接投资名录,在微观层面上识别了中国对外直接投资企业出口商品环节通过转让定价进行避税,侵蚀我国企业所得税税基。研究发现:(1)中国对外直接投资企业在出口贸易中正在利用转让定价进行避税,具体表现为,出口目的国税率每低于我国1%,关联交易价格会显著下降0.002%,半弹性为-0.002;(2)中国对外签署的双重征税协定对企业转让定价避税有明显的抑制作用;(3)企业转让定价避税在不同所有制企业中存在异质性,具体表现为,国有企业相对民营企业和外资企业来说转让定价避税程度更大。     

完善我国资本弱化税制研究

<正>一、西方主要国家应对资本弱化避税的措施资本弱化又称为资本隐藏,是指公司通过高负债、低投资,税前支付利息转移应税所得,节省纳税成本。资本弱化通常是跨国企业国际避税的手段,近年来,内资企业也开始利用资本弱化避税。     

论跨国企业资本弱化的税收对策

跨国企业采用资本弱化避税，已成为我国外资企业避税的新动向。我国现行《企业所得税法》等相关法规没有对资本弱化问题采取相应的措施。制定我国的反资本弱化税收政策。防止外资企业利用资本弱化避税，是我国税制改革亟待面对的重要课题。该文结合我国的实际情况，就反资本弱化的税收规则进行了探讨。     

美国转让定价税制的研究

转让定价是当今跨国公司利用关联企业躲避税收的主要途径。各国政府都给予了极大关注,并寻找对策加以防范。美国在这方面处在世界领先地位,包括它的税制立法和税务实践。本文对美国转让定价税制的概况和其税务处理方法等方面进行了研究,以推动我国转让定价税制体系的构建和完善。     

Transfer Pricing: Strategies,Practices, and Tax Minimization

Using a survey of tax executives from multinational corporations, we document that some firms set their transfer pricing strategy to minimize tax payments, but more firms focus on tax compliance. We estimate that a firm focusing on minimizing taxes has a GAAP effective tax rate that is 6.6 percentage points lower and generates about $43 million more in tax savings, on average, than a firm focusing on tax compliance. Available COMPUSTAT data on sample firms confirm our survey‐based inferences. We also find that transfer pricing‐related tax savings are greater when higher foreign income, tax haven use, and R&D activities are combined with a tax minimization strategy. Finally, compliance‐focused firms report lower FIN 48 tax reserves than tax‐minimizing firms, consistent with the former group using less uncertain transfer pricing arrangements. Collectively, our study provides direct evidence that multinational firms have differing internal priorities for transfer pricing, and that these differences are strongly related to the taxes reported by these firms.     

Corporate tax systems and cross country profit shifting

The paper analyses optimal taxation of corporate profits whengovernments can choose both the rate and the base of the corporationtax, but are constrained to collect a given amount of corporatetax revenue. In a standard two-period model of investment andinternational mobility of portfolio capital only, the optimaltax system allows a full deduction for the costs of capital.When foreign direct investment is permitted, however, and firmscan shift profits between countries through transfer pricing,it will be optimal for each government to distort investmentdecisions in order to reduce tax rates and limit the incentivefor profit shifting.     

跨国公司无形资产转移定价税制研究

转移定价是跨国公司常用的一种避税手段,由此产生的国际税收问题引起各国的普遍关注。随着全球化大生产和知识经济的发展,跨国公司无形资产内部交易日渐频繁,相关税制的不完善使国家的税收权益存在巨大隐患。本文结合国内外无形资产转移定价税制特别是各种定价方法的介绍,评析了我国相关税制存在的问题并提出了自己的建议,希望对推进我国相关领域的税制改革有所助益。     

Who Benefits from Inconsistent Multinational Tax Transfer‐Pricing Rules?*

This paper uses a strategic tax compliance model to examine taxpayer reporting and tax authority audit strategies in an international setting with two tax authorities. The setting features both information asymmetry between the taxpayer and the tax authorities and inconsistent tax transfer‐pricing rules. The latter creates the possibility of each country trying to tax the same income. We study the effect of the probability of transfer‐price rule inconsistency on the strategies and payoffs of the taxpayer and the tax authorities. We find that an increase in the probability of transfer‐price rule inconsistency induces more aggressive auditing by governments. It therefore deters taxpayers from shifting income to the country with the lower tax rate in situations in which the transfer‐pricing rules are consistent, and can either increase or decrease the income reported to the low‐tax‐rate country in cases in which the transfer‐pricing rules are inconsistent. We find that an increase in transfer‐price rule inconsistency could either increase or decrease the taxpayer's expected tax liability and could either increase or decrease the deadweight loss from auditing. Our results call into question the conventional wisdom that the prospect of double taxation due to transfer‐price rule inconsistency increases a firm's expected tax liability and governments' expected audit costs.     

Corporate In‐house Tax Departments*

In‐house human capital tax investment is a significant input to a firm's tax decisions. Yet, due to the lack of data on corporate in‐house tax departments, there is little empirical evidence on how tax departments are associated with tax planning and compliance outcomes. We expect the size of tax departments to be positively associated with the effectiveness of tax planning and compliance. Using hand‐collected data on the number of corporate tax employees in S&P 1500 firms over the 2009–2014 period, we find that firms with larger tax departments are associated with lower and less volatile cash effective tax rates. Furthermore, using tax employees' specialization, we identify tax departments' relative focus on planning or compliance and document a trade‐off between tax avoidance and tax risk. Specifically, tax departments with more of a tax planning focus have incrementally greater tax avoidance but higher tax risk, whereas tax departments with more of a tax compliance focus have incrementally lower tax risk but higher tax rates. Overall, this paper contributes to the literature by looking inside the “black box” of corporate tax departments and shedding light on the importance of human capital tax investment for tax outcomes.     

Transparency,Information Shocks,and Tax Avoidance

This study helps provide clarity to the prior mixed findings on the association between financial reporting transparency and tax avoidance by studying the effect that transparency has on tax avoidance in a cross‐country sample through aggregate‐ and firm‐level tests. Results using firm‐ and country‐level (aggregate) measures of transparency and tax avoidance show that countries and firms with greater levels of transparency exhibit lower levels of tax avoidance and that the effect of country‐level transparency is incremental to firm‐level transparency. Furthermore, results of difference‐in‐difference tests using the adoption of IFRS and the initial enforcement of insider trading laws around the world as exogenous shocks that increase transparency find that transparency has a statistically and economically significant effect on tax avoidance and address empirical concerns regarding endogeneity and reverse causality not fully addressed in the prior research. The results of these tests as well as tests that address potential correlated but omitted variables suggest that financial transparency is an important tool which regulators can use in battling tax avoidance.     

企业避税行为对企业创新的影响——基于中国A股上市公司的实证分析

创新是经济发展的原动力,企业拥有充足的现金流是保证其能够持续进行创新活动的基本条件。企业的创新活动经常会受到外部的融资约束,合理避税可以间接为企业带来资金流入,为创新活动创造条件。鉴于此,以全部A股上市公司2009—2019年数据为样本进行实证检验,分析企业避税行为对企业内部创新会产生的影响。研究发现,企业合理的避税活动对企业创新起到一定的促进作用,在进行稳健性检验之后结论依然成立。     

我国上市公司逆向融资行为探析

与发达资本市场国家上市公司的"内源融资优先,债务融资其次,股权融资最后"的融资次序正好相反,我国上市公司优先选择股权融资,其次是债务融资,最后才是内源融资。本文在对我国上市公司逆向融资行为的成因进行分析的基础上,提出我国上市公司逆向融资行为理性化回归的若干政策建议。