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水权市场与地下水资源配置 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
地下水的特性决定了其管理难度大。我国“多龙管水”的管理体制以及对农用水疏于管理造成目前北方地区的地下水超采 ,引起局部地区的生态环境的恶化。造成这一现象的根本原因是现行的地下水管制政策缺乏有效的激励和约束机制 ,缺乏事前管理和市场引导。因此 ,引入可交易的水权制度是有效控制地下水开采量 ,提高地下水用水效率的重要手段。通过一级水权市场 ,将地下水可分配总量进行清晰的产权界定 ;利用二级水权市场 ,将用水户手中的水权进行再分配 ,实现水资源的最优配置。同时 ,政府通过对地下水可分配总量控制通过对水权交易市场的调控、监管以及对地下水抽取情况的监控来调节地下水的开采量 ,保证地下水水权市场的正常运行 相似文献
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王小刚 《中国国土资源经济》2018,(10)
白洋淀流域水资源短缺等问题严重制约雄安新区的建设,完善该流域水权交易制度对于水资源的优化配置,促进环境、经济与社会全面发展有重大意义。文章结合目前国内外水权研究理论,分析了针对目前国内水权交易制度存在水权交易立法体系化不完整,水权主体界定不明确,水权交易的监管制度欠缺,欠缺水权交易信息系统,水权交易纠纷处理机制不健全等问题。白洋淀流域水权交易制度完善应:(1)完善水权交易的法律体系;(2)建立科学的资源定价机制;(3)建立完善的水权交易登记机制;(4)建立完备的水权交易信息系统;(5)建立水权交易纠纷处理机制。文章对《白洋淀水资源保护条例》有关水权交易制度做了探讨性设计。 相似文献
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中国农业水权流转的制约因素分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
制约中国农业水权流转的主要因素包括对农业水权的内涵理解不全面、对水资源的所有权主体理解不准确、对水资源所有权的经济实现的认可程度不高、对水权的初始分配存在争议、灌溉用水定额管理水平低的同时农民对定额管理的期望低。制约中国农业水权流转的深层原因包括农业水权的不确定性不利于水权流转、外部性强使交易过程中的干预主体多、排他的操作性差、水权交易中的信息不充分、产权不清晰、立法存在模糊之处、管理中重行政轻法律、农业水权改革存在问题。促进水权流转的建议包括加强水权的立法、正确宣传水权的基本权利、强化水资源的国家所有权、加强农民对水资源所有权和其他权利的资产化管理、做好水权的初始分配、建立水资源使用登记制度、加强水权交易合同的立法与管理。 相似文献
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本文通过对甘肃省张掖市实施可交易水权制度的调查发现,在一定条件下,用水户之间能够形成一种相互监督机制,从而有效地降低交易成本,使可交易水权制度在一定范围内取得很好的执行效果。进一步分析有地下水和没有地下水以及有地下水但村庄条件不同的情形下可交易水权制度中的相互监督机制,可以发现,只要满足以下条件,无论在有还是没有地下水的情况下都能形成这一机制:①分级管理体制的责权明确;②水权和用水配额界定清晰;③上一级管理部门严格控制下一级管理部门的水源总量,使其接近(甚至刚好等于)用水配额总量,同时小于用水需求总量。 相似文献
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科斯定理强调了产权的确定及其自由交易对于实现资源配置最优化的重要意义。本文将科斯定理应用于水资源的研究中 ,提出了我国进行水权界定及其交易的重要性 ,并分析了界定水权及建立水权交易市场时可能遇到的几个问题 ,如初始水权界定问题、水权市场的局限性问题等 相似文献
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水权交易制度作为自然资源资产产权制度改革和生态文明建设的重要内容之一,理论与实践领域均迎来新一轮探索热潮。交易价格机制是水权市场建设中的重要环节之一。结合当前我国水权交易试点地区实践,剖析其价格总体水平与价格形成方法,认为价格构成不全面、定价测算不科学、议价机制缺失、监管不到位是驱动水权交易价格改革的主要动因。提出应树立水权价格为财产性收益的认识,科学界定水权的价值构成和价格的形成方式,依托水权平台的交易组织功能,发挥市场在水权价格形成中的决定作用,并构建有效的水权交易市场监督管理体系。 相似文献
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农业农村部软科学课题组 《农村工作通讯》2018,(7)
正我国目前正处于经济快速发展阶段,由于沿黄河地区经济的迅猛发展,工业生产、农田灌溉和生活用水的需求量也随之大幅增加。黄河上游水源和可开采地下水的减少趋势难以逆转。我们必须放眼世界范围,积极学习和借鉴其他国家水权制度建设经验。美国、澳大利亚、日本等是目前拥有比较完善的水权制度和成熟的水权交易市场的典型国家。本文着重从初始水权的界定、水权获取、水权交易、政府行为边界等角度,对这些国家在水权交易市 相似文献
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本文根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)和《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》(GB 5009.33—2016),利用分光光度法对食品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测定,建立数学模型对亚硝酸盐含量测定的不确定度来源分量进行计算、分析,食品中亚硝酸盐的测定结果可以表示为X=(11.2±0.70)mg·kg-1,k=2,为评价试验测量结果的真确性提供科学依据。 相似文献
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为提高食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的准确性,本文对测量不确定度进行分析和评定.按照《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》(GB 4789.10—2016)第二法金黄色葡萄球菌平板计数法对人工染菌的乳粉样品进行检测,按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)分析不确定度来源、评定... 相似文献
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A complex of raw materials available in a given commune shapes its functional − spatial structure and affects local economic development. The use of the resource base of minerals depends largely on the management of the space and respecting the zoning restrictions connected with protection of mineral deposits. The urgent need to protect them is due to their non-renewable nature and progressive development of the land. Preserving access to deposits is essential to ensure future mineral supply necessary for the economic development. This article presents the results of the assessment of implementation of rules of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning at the level of territorial units in Poland.The study has been conducted in twenty-three communes of the Lesser Poland voivodeship, for thirty-one unexploited mineral deposits designated for protection in the Spatial Development Plan of the Lesser Poland (Małopolskie) Voivodeship of 2003. In the study of conflict with development of the selected mineral deposits with the environment, factors related to land use, forms of nature protection, water conservation and planned land development have been evaluated. The assessment has taken into account the importance of individual factors of conflict by giving them weights by means of pairwise comparison method. Five classes of conflict of the deposit management have been proposed: non-conflicting deposit, small conflict, medium conflict, major conflict and very big conflict. Almost equal numbers of deposits (9) belong to the class characterized by a of medium, small and large conflicts. Road and technical projects as well as expected significant impact of exploitation on the environment restrain exploitation. The impact is related to the necessity of use of explosives during the exploitation and by the cumulative effect of the mining activity already existing nearby. Analysis of the planning documents of the communes has shown both inadequate protection of mineral resources, including designation of areas of deposits for single-family housing, and a few examples of properly maintained spatial planning in the field of protection of mineral deposits. Information obtained from the environmental survey has been supplemented by assessment of the social aspect. In nine communes it has been determined that the areas of mineral deposits are not subject to spatial conflicts but in seven communes there is opposite situation. The most important benefits from the mineral exploitation which has been indicated in the studied documents included: jobs, access to construction materials and development of the commune.Present work allowed to define the areas and the scale of conflicts induced by development of mineral deposits and to propose measures for rational management of mineral resources. Recognition of the existing and potential conflicts can help to make the right decisions concerning development of the area and minimising impacts of exploitation of the mineral deposits. 相似文献
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Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade. 相似文献
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天津市七里海滨海湿地沉积物重金属元素的空间分布特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对七里海滨海湿地沉积物6种重金属元素进行系统分析,结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd 5种元素在沉积物中含量相对稳定,Hg元素在湿地沉积物中分布不均匀,变化较大。富集度分析表明,七里海滨海湿地重金属富集度划分为元素适中、轻度富集、中度富集3个级别,元素富集程度依次为Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>Hg>As,As元素基本介于元素适中和元素贫乏之间, Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg 4种重金属达到了轻度富集,说明该区已受到轻度污染,Cd元素已到达中度富集,说明该区已受到中度污染,应引起重视。 相似文献
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农用地定级中区位因素定量化存在的问题及其改进 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过介绍目前农用地定级工作中区位因素定量化处理的一般方法,分析了目前区位因素定量化过程中存在的问题,如空间距离量算、阻隔与通道、衰减模型、定级区域外的区位因素影响等,并提出了相应的改进措施,以使定级结果尽可能的符合实际. 相似文献
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清代台湾社会开发的主力军是闽粤移民,但牛在乡村社会的发展中,充当了极重要的生产力角色。牛在台湾乡村社会的土地开垦与工商业发展中独当一面,在民众生活甚至风俗中也占显要位置。牛是清代台湾乡村社会发展过程中不可缺少的重要动力。 相似文献