The Wealth Effect of Japanese-US Strategic Alliances

We investigate the wealth impact for Japanese and US firms that announce nonequity strategic alliances. We find that on average, both Japanese and US shareholders benefit from the formation of international alliances. We also find that shareholders earn larger abnormal returns in these alliances when the partnering firms are relatively small in size, have higher growth opportunities, or are less profitable. We show that both Japanese and US partnering firms display significant improvements in operating performance over the three-year period subsequent to the formation of international alliances.     

Strategic IPOs and product market competition

We examine firms' incentives to go public in the presence of product market competition. As a result of their greater ability to diversify idiosyncratic risk in the capital market, public firms' owners tolerate higher profit variability than owners of private firms. Consequently, public firms adopt riskier and more aggressive output market strategies than private firms, which improves the competitive position of the former vis-à-vis the latter. This strategic benefit of being public, and thus, the proportion of public firms in an industry, is shown to be positively related to the degree of competitive interaction among firms in the output market, to demand uncertainty, and to the idiosyncratic portion of this uncertainty. Additional empirical predictions concern the effect of a firm's initial public offering on its market share and on its rivals' valuations. We test the model's predictions and find empirical support for most of them.     

中外银行之战略联盟

加入世界贸易组织以后,与外资银行重在竞争还是重在合作?这是任何一家中资银行都必须从企业战略的高度加以考虑的重大课题。 战略联盟,作为近年来国际企业界的一种趋势,值得我国商业银行借鉴。中资银行与外资银行建立战略联盟从而沦落为外资银行的傀儡?还是中资银行通过合作与学习,全面提升自身的核心竞争力呢?     

战略联盟与公司税负

在全球迅速兴起的战略联盟是公司获取竞争优势的重要途径之一.本文以2009-2018年沪深A股上市公司为研究样本,检验了公司参与战略联盟对其税收负担的影响.研究结果表明:参与战略联盟的公司,其整体税收负担显著低于未参与战略联盟的公司,且股权式联盟和契约式联盟均可降低公司税收负担.区分联盟伙伴及公司异质性特征的进一步研究发现:只有当联盟伙伴为民营公司时,参与战略联盟才能显著降低公司税负;当公司大股东存在关联关系、公司位于法律环境较差地区及公司的避税动机更强时,战略联盟对公司税负的降低效应更大.拓展性分析结果显示,关联交易(资本支出)是股权式联盟(契约式联盟)影响公司税负的主要渠道.本文丰富了战略联盟的经济后果和公司税负的影响因素研究,并为改善战略联盟的监管提供了政策参考.     

Strategic Alliances and the Boundaries of the Firm

Strategic alliances are long-term contracts between legallydistinct organizations that provide for sharing the costs andbenefits of a mutually beneficial activity. In this paper, Idevelop and test a model that helps explain why firms sometimesprefer alliances over internally organized projects. I introducemanagerial effort into a model of internal capital markets andshow how strategic alliances help overcome incentive problemsthat arise when headquarters cannot pre-commit to particularcapital allocations. The model generates a number of implications,which I test using a large sample of alliance transactions inconjunction with Compustat data.     

Evidence on Value Creation in the Financial Services Industries through the Use of Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances

While an extensive body of literature has examined merger, acquisition, and consolidation activity in commercial banks and other financial services firms, little attention has been paid to examining how these institutions use the cooperative activities of joint ventures and strategic alliances to accomplish their growth objectives. We analyze the effects of the use of joint ventures and strategic alliances by a sample of firms in the banking, investment services, and insurance industries. Our results show that commercial banks, investment services firms, and insurance companies experience significant abnormal returns of 0.66% on average when they announce their participation in a joint venture or strategic alliance. These abnormal returns are significantly positive across the four strategic motives of domestic, international, horizontal, and diversifying cooperative activities. Using a matched sample, we also show that our sample firms enjoy significant, positive, abnormal returns for holding periods of six, 12, and 18 months after the announcement of the cooperative activity.     

Blurring Firm Boundaries: The Role of Venture Capital in Strategic Alliances

This study documents a new value-added role of venture capitalists and addresses important questions about how resources are combined to create firms. As part of the nexus of contracts surrounding a firm, strategic alliances can be viewed as relational contracts that blur firm boundaries. This paper provides evidence that alliances are more frequent among companies sharing a common venture capitalist. The effect is concentrated in alliances in which contracting problems are more pronounced, consistent with venture capitalists utilizing informational and other advantages in providing resources to firms. Further, these alliances improve the probability of exit for venture-backed firms.     

股权分散、管理层持股与上市公司IPO价值

使用1992年1月～2006年12月发行上市公司的数据,采用WLS方法,依据股权集中和股权分散两个不同的样本,得出了上市公司利用管理层持股传递公司价值信号的有效性依据其不同股权结构而不同的结论：在股权集中的公司中,管理层持股对IPO价值没有显著性影响;在股权分散的公司中,管理层的控制地位使得市场更愿意相信管理层在公司的股本能够传递公司的真实信号,管理层持股对IPO价值有显著性影响。     

构建期货市场战略联盟的理论及应用研究

期货市场的系统性和复杂性决定了期货价格发现与风险规避操作的难度,围绕着期货如何为实体企业服务这个问题,有必要构建战略联盟来实现期货市场功能。本文从期货公司发展的角度,认为要全面满足客户的稳定生产和经营利润的需求,同时实现客户锁定,必须组建期货市场战略联盟,期货公司可与科研组织、贸易仓储企业、投资公司和海外期货公司等结成战略联盟,实现资源共享、信息互通,充分利用期货市场为实体企业的风险管理提供一站式的解决方案和顺畅的通道服务。     

企业价值与并购交易定价

企业价值是一个不断发展的概念,而企业价值理论也随之处在变化之中.在现代企业中企业价值代表了企业股权和债权价值,具有特殊的性质.并购交易定价实际上就是并购双方不同企业价值理念动态博弈的结果.中国国有企业的并购定价存在许多问题,根源在于对企业价值认识得不准确、不清晰.     

Value versus growth in IPOs: New evidence from Finland

This paper focuses on the underpricing and the short- and long-run performance of Finnish initial public offerings (IPOs). More specifically, we examine whether there are differences between the performance of value and growth stock IPOs in the Finnish stock market. Our results indicate that growth stock IPOs are slightly more underpriced and have marginally higher short-run returns. However, value stock IPOs are better long-run investments and provide higher returns during the first three years in the aftermarket. We also document that the apparent long-run underperformance of Finnish IPOs can be largely explained by size, book-to-market, and momentum effects.     

Corporate Equity Ownership, Strategic Alliances, and Product Market Relationships

This paper examines long-term block ownership by corporations and performance changes in firms with corporate block owners. We also examine potential reasons for corporate ownership including benefits in product market relationships, alleviation of financing constraints, and board monitoring by corporate owners. We find the largest significant increases in targets' stock prices, investment, and operating profitability when ownership is combined with alliances, joint ventures, and other product market relationships between purchasing and target firms, especially in industries with high research and development. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion that block ownership by corporations has significant benefits in product market relationships.     

The Strategic Uses of Value at Risk

In contrast to alternative measures of risk, value at risk (VaR) has important virtues–intelligibility, comparability, and practicality–that make it a potentially valuable tool for strategic decision making and capital management in a wide variety of industries. However, capital-management decisions in most industries–including financial services, such as property/casualty insurance–have time horizons far longer than the one-day horizon that prevails in commercial and investment banking, where the use of VaR is now concentrated. For VaR to be usefully applied to longhorizon decisions, it must address three fundamental problems unique to that context: estimation risk, adaptive risk modification, and franchise risk. This paper describes each of these problems, shows how they can be solved, and provides examples applicable to property/casualty insurance.     

The Underpricing of Insurance IPOs

The previous literature documents that insurance initial public offerings (IPOs) are less underpriced than those of noninsurance firms. This difference is usually attributed to lower information asymmetry for regulated firms. However, we find that once one controls for the file price adjustment insurance IPOs, both stock and mutual, are no less underpriced than other noninsurance offerings suggesting the book-building process resolves any such information asymmetries. We also find that mutual IPOs appear more underpriced than stock insurance IPOs, but this difference is related to the differences in pre-issue managerial ownership.     

The Pricing of IPOs Post-Sarbanes-Oxley

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) imposes new requirements for firms going public. Many provisions of SOX should improve the transparency of U.S. firms going public and therefore reduce the uncertainty surrounding their valuation. We find that initial returns of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the United States have declined since SOX. Furthermore, the aftermarket performance of IPOs since SOX is significantly higher. While the expense of public reporting has increased in the United States because of SOX, the valuations of newly public firms at the time of the IPO are subject to less uncertainty and smaller aftermarket corrections.     

Strategic reaction and tax avoidance: Evidence from the effect of large IPOs on peers

We examine whether and how industry peers use tax avoidance as a strategic mechanism to maintain their relative competitive positions. We exploit a unique setting where a relatively large private firm obtains capital, visibility, and creditability by going public (i.e., an IPO), imposing significant competitive pressure on its industry peers. We find that peer firms increase tax avoidance after large IPOs. Further analysis shows that the increase of tax avoidance is driven by firms with high growth needs and firms with high operating uncertainty, suggesting that tax aggressiveness is aligned with other strategic risk-taking changes to improve industry competitiveness. We rule out two alternative explanations: 1) existing peers use relative product market power to hedge against tax risk and engage in tax avoidance; 2) peers mimic the tax avoidance behavior of IPO firms. The main finding is supported by the difference-in-differences test with coarsened exact matching and a battery of robustness tests, including alternative measures and alternative large IPO selection criteria.     

Rationing in IPOs

We provide a model of bookbuilding in IPOs, in which the issuer can choose to ration shares. Before informed investors submit their bids, they know that, in the aggregate, winning bidders will receive only a fraction of their demand. We demonstrate that this mitigates the winners curse, that is, the incentive of bidders to shade their bids. It leads to more aggressive bidding, to the extent that rationing can be revenue-enhancing. In a parametric example, we characterize bid and revenue functions, and the optimal degree of rationing. We show that, when investors information is diffuse, maximal rationing is optimal. Conversely, when their information is concentrated, the seller should not ration shares. We provide testable predictions on bid dispersion and the degree of rationing. Our model reconciles the documented anomaly that higher bidders in IPOs do not necessarily receive higher allocations.     

The Pricing of Property Trust IPOs in Australia

Following Brounen and Eichholtz (2002) this paper adds to the international literature investigating the underpricing of REIT initial public offerings (IPOs), with a study into Australian property trusts. This study finds that initial day returns can in part be explained by forecast profit distributions (or dividends) and the market sentiment towards property trusts from the date of the prospectus to the date of listing. There is some support for the “winners curse” explanation of underpricing with evidence that large investor or institutional involvement at the outset of the IPO also has some explanatory power.     

The role of underwriter peer networks in IPOs

This study examines how various aspects of underwriter peer network affect IPOs. We use different network measures to capture underwriter centrality in the global network, cohesion and diversity within network, and prior industry experience of network partners. Our results show that IPOs underwritten by book managers with more central and cohesive networks and partners with previous industry experience are associated with a higher likelihood of an offer price revision and larger price revisions. We also find book managers with more central networks and partners with previous industry experience are associated with higher short-run stock returns, while book managers that maintain more reciprocated peer relationships tend to underprice more. These results indicate that underwriters use peer networks to produce information and place securities, and network structure and characteristics have implications for the quantity and quality of information and the level of cooperative efforts shared among underwriters.