解析担保公司贷款担保业务模式的创新

经济的发展，带动产业的变革，各个企业为了寻求新的出路，也纷纷开始改变集资手段与集资模式。银行贷款是近些年来，我国企业与个人进行资金筹集与周转的重要手段，随着各个领域经济的不断发展，企业之间资金流动性也随之加大，因此，银行贷款数目也呈现出逐年增加的趋势。这就在一定程度上，造成了银行贷款额度的紧张。为了能够更好的使资金得到回笼。银行在与企业或者个人进行贷款交易的时候，会要求有第三方为其做信用担保，这个第三方一般情况下，就是指担保公司。在目前的形势下，担保行业可以说在拥有大量机遇的同时也面临着很多挑战，为了能够使其更快，更好，更稳的发展，其担保业务模式的创新与发展，显得尤为重要。     

国际贸易中独立担保当事人的权利和义务

自20世纪70年代以来，国际贸易与融资的一种新型、独立的担保方式——独立担保产生了。这种担保方式一出现．就受到广泛的欢迎。目前，独立担保被广泛运用于国际金融、国际贸易领域，我国在对外担保业务中也频繁使用。因此，应当尽快明确国际贸易中独立担保当事人的权利和义务，建立完善的独立担保制度。     

20世纪末美国银行危机的原因及教训

二次世界大战以后,美国的银行业保持了相当一段时期的健康稳定发展,但是,20世纪70年代末,美国的银行体系开始出现问题,80-90年代发生了大规模金融动荡,其中,储蓄贷款协会的危机影响最大,并由此揭开了美国银行业改革的序幕.     

并购贷款蹒跚起步

这似乎是非常时期的非常手段。2008年12月3日晚．国务院发布9条金融政策，从推动银行贷款和中小企业担保、拓宽债券发行和融资渠道，到房地产信托基金、股权投资基金．再到稳定股票市场、外汇调整措施．全部金融力量似乎一时间都被调动起来．以期应对实体经济的不时之需。     

国内

深圳中小企业融资再出新举近日,依托深圳财政6亿元扶持资金,中信深圳银行联合深圳再担保中心等多家机构,推出中小企业再担保贷款业务,贷款上限可达800万元。中小企业申请再担保贷款,可从深圳再担保体系现有的8家成员任选一家来为自己担保．借款人提供的抵质押物和反担保物合计不超过贷款金额的50％．这一业务有效降低了中小企业贷款准入门槛。     

美国存货融资业务发展的启示

金融理论普遍认为，担保物能在一定程度上减少信息不对称和逆向选择问题，激励借款人偿还贷款。在美国等发达国家，贷款普遍采用担保，且70％的担保来自于以应收账款和存货为主的动产担保。我国《商业银行法》第36条规定，商业银行贷款，借款人应当提供担保。在实际操作中银行贷款更多偏向于第三方保证和不动产抵押，动产担保仅占12％，且动产以机器设备、非农用车辆、证券和金融票据为主，以应收账款和存货作为担保物的很少。应收账款和存货等动产在企业资产中占有相当大的比例，特别是对于有着强烈资金需求的中小企业来说，不动产的缺乏使其难以获得银行贷款支持。应收账款融资受制于我国商业信用环境的落后尚不具备发展条件。同时，在经济发达地区已有多家金融机构开展了仓单质押、存货质押业务，并在实践中运行良好。存货融资由于其较好地规避了中国当前信用缺失、法制落后等不利条件，因而具有相当广阔的发展前景。为此，探寻美国存货融资业务的发展规律，     

关于粮食银行的若干思考

自全国首家粮食银行在苏州正式挂牌运营之后．粮食银行成为人们关注和讨论的热点问题。山东、江苏、浙江和湖北等地方结合本地实际．积极探索粮食银行的运行机制，形成了不同发展运作模式。我国粮食银行萌芽于20世纪70年代末、诞生于20世纪80年代初．成熟于90年代，迄今有20多年的历史。因此．粮食银行在农村有着深厚的发展背景和社会基础．90年代之前的粮食银行虽然没有正式注册和认可．但以代农民保管、加工和兑换粮油为基本形式的雏形早已在农村生根发芽．早已成为农民日常生活的一部分。在市场经济体制下．随着粮食流通体制的改革．今目的粮食银行运用银行理念来经营粮食．调节粮食供需关系，稳定粮价，保护农民利益，增加农民收入．其构建仍然是在原有雏形基本功能上进一步延伸．逐渐深化和发展，日益趋向于制度化、规范化、市场化、企业化、规模化和效益化。     

养猪带富农民

河南省漯河市汇通肉食品股份有限公司发挥省级农业龙头企业优势，制订了一系列服务措施，促进和带动辖地老区农村养猪业的发展。服务措施包括：1、资金扶持。对老区村年出栏在千头以上的大型养殖户（场），实施贷款担保，促其上规模、上档次，提高质量。仅2005年，就为248户担保贷款1700万元。2、价格优惠。对老区基地的生猪收购实行每市斤高出市场价格0．1—0．3元的优惠。3、以优惠价格供应老区养殖优质仔猪、[第一段]     

20世纪三、四十年代华北平原农村的土地分配及其变化--以河北省清苑县4村为例--

本文主要依据河北省清苑县4个村庄的农户调查资料，对20世纪三、四十年代华北平原农村的土地分配状况及其变化趋势进行讨论和分析；对这一时期地权变动的主要方式，也做了概要的考察。     

商业银行电子商务发展与研究策略

一、电子商务与电子银行 1．电子商务的发展 电子商务一词源于20世纪70年代，是伴随着电子数据交换技术而产生的商务新概念。到了20世纪90年代，随着Internet技术的飞速发展，互联网这一连接全球的信息基础设施为电子商务的发展提供了巨大的市场机遇和挑战。     

Bank capital shocks and portfolio risk: Evidence from Japan

Despite the downward trend of land prices and the ex post low return on real estate loans, Japanese banks increased their lending to the real estate sector during the 1990s. We argue that this phenomenon can be explained by the risk-shifting incentives of banks and discover that banks with low capital-to-asset ratios and low franchise value chose high-risk assets such as real estate loans. Unlike previous studies, we show that the capital–risk relationship is non-linear and changes from positive to negative as franchise value falls. We also find that a capital adequacy requirement did not prevent risk-taking behavior of under-capitalized banks since they then just issued more subordinated debts to meet this requirement. In contrast, government capital injections led banks to reduce risky loans at the margin. Recapitalization by issuing subordinated debts helped banks recover their capital losses and mitigated the credit crunch, but consequently allowed them to increase their exposure to the real estate sector and worsened the bad loan problems.     

Comparison of Bank Profitability in China and the USA

This paper examines and compares the profitability of banks in the USA and China. The USA has the largest market‐based banking system and the financial system of China is still bank‐based. Our analysis indicates that in terms of profitability, banks in China outperformed those in the USA during our study period (2008–2014). Real estate loans had an adverse effect on US bank profitability during the financial crisis and no effect after the crisis but consistently improved the profitability of Chinese banks. Interest margins have no effect on US bank profitability but a consistently positive effect on Chinese banks, confirming that China is a traditional bank‐based economy. Interbank loans have a positive and significant effect on Chinese bank profitability, while interbank domestic loans have a negative effect on US bank profitability. Finally, size had a positive effect on US banks after the financial crisis period, confirming the scale economies of large US banks, but a negative effect on Chinese banks, indicating diseconomies of scale.     

Cost Efficiency Analysis of Local Commercial Banks in Taiwan

This study uses a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model to evaluate the relative cost efficiency of commercial banks in Taiwan in the wake of liberalization. The model is estimated using data made available through Taiwan's Banking Bureau and Financial Supervisory Commission. With data from before and after the 2008 financial crisis, our central result is that banks affiliated with bank holding companies (BHC) have become increasingly more efficient. While unaffiliated banks have generally increased their efficiency, they have not kept pace with respect to efficiency gains. Secondary findings are that, independent of ownership structure, both balance sheet and income statement composition affect efficiency. In particular, bank efficiency increases with growth in loans and capital prices. We also find evidence that labor productivity is a key explanatory factor behind efficiency differences across banks. As a result, a policy recommendation is made that banks invest in maximizing worker productivity. Finally, in addition to the insights gained from this study we contribute to the general literature on both bank efficiency and the use of the SFA model by applying it to new data in a new setting.     

国有商业银行外部公关现状之分析

大量的公关理论研究和实践表明:银行公关外部活动是否有效,直接影响银行的形象、银行的竞争力乃至银行的生死存亡。然而银行外部公关的理论研究在中国至今还近乎空白,本文就以银行外部公关为研究主题,结合国有商业银行的实际情况,运用银行管理学、公关学、制度经济学的有关理论,系统深入分析银行外部公关,即银行与客户的关系、银行与同业的关系、银行与政府的关系、银行与新闻媒体的关系等状况,针对性地提出银行在解决处理各种关系时应采取的策略措施,建立了银行外部公关的保障体系,强调银行公关组织构建、人才培养以及公关策划,对银行外部公关的特殊作用。     

Regulatory Constraints on Performance-Based Managerial Compensation,Bank Monitoring,and Aggregate Loan Quality

This paper evaluates the effects of binding regulatory restraints on the rate of performance-based management compensation within a banking framework in which a primary function of bank management teams is to monitor loans in order to eliminate deadweight default losses. Available management teams are endowed with heterogeneous levels of monitoring efficiencies, and obtaining services from more efficient monitoring teams requires payment of higher rates of performance-based compensation. In equilibrium, a fraction of banks choose to employ management teams that monitor. With or without binding capital requirements, imposing binding restraints on the allowed rate of performance-based compensation results either in lower bank efficiency or in a reduced fraction of monitoring banks and, hence, lower aggregate loan quality.     

基于博弈论分析辛迪加贷款与我国中小企业融资难问题

以青木昌彦的银行辛迪加及相机治理模型为基础,构建一种适合于中小企业的辛迪加贷款模式。该模式通过银行间的风险分担、消除银企之间的信息不对称,促进银行放贷的积极性,从而提高中小企业的贷款可得性。对中小企业融资中银企信贷关系的动态博弈分析,进一步表明辛迪加贷款模式对解决我国中小企业融资难问题具有重要意义。最后指出我国辛迪加贷款模式的发展还应该注意建立稳定的银企关系和加强对牵头行的激励。     

商业银行贷款增长过快的原因和对策分析

商业银行贷款增长得过快,会对社会和经济的发展带来一系列的不利因素。本文从银行对银行贷款增长过快危害的认识不足、往年的习惯性贷款、城市基础建设和房地产的疯狂发展三个方面分析了商业银行贷款过快的原因。并在此基础上提出了相应的对策:银行应加大风险意识和风险的控制;加强监督部门对银行资本充足率的监管;银行应加强和完善内部的考核机制和商业银行应开发非利差收入等。     

Bank lending behaviour under a liquidity constraint

In this paper, we propose a new model of bank lending behaviour, in which there are three possible regimes under asymmetric information. We have found empirical evidence for the existence of the third regime, in which banks lend under their liquidity constraint. In this regime, both the land price index and bank capital have large and positive effects on bank loans. On the other hand, the call rate and economic activity (real GDP) have negative effects. Moreover, we have a new understanding of how financial liberalization and the regulation of bank capital also affect bank lending behaviour.     

“十二五”开局之年的我国房地产市场走向评估

在2011年及十二五期间,基于价值规律的制导,房价构成要素的上涨、房地产市场刚性需求的继续释放,许多城市的房地产价格还存在上涨压力。要有效调控房价,必须从土地供应、房地产银行贷款、税收、保障性住房等方面进行综合的、互动的、配套的松紧适度和有差别的结构性调控,以此为改进与优化取向,藉以防止房地产市场与房价的大起大落,促进房地产市场的稳健发展。     

Dealing with the bad loans of the Chinese banks

Chinese banks suffer from serious financial fragility manifested by high proportions of nonperforming loans and low capital-adequacy ratios. A key policy introduced recently by the Chinese government to reduce financial risks is the establishment of four asset management companies (AMCs) for dealing with bad loans. Drawing on the experiences of the Resolution Trust Corporation in the United States and bank restructuring in the Central European transition economies, we argue that the original AMC design will not be successful in resolving the existing nonperforming loans, nor will it prevent the creation of new bad loans. We recommend a modification of the current proposal that redefines the relationships between the parent banks and the AMCs by transferring the deposits of problem enterprises along with their nonperforming loans from parent banks to AMCs.