山西省包装工业发展思路与对策

山西省包装工业发展思路与对策赵爱英包装在我国是一个新兴行业，是一个跨部门、跨地区的大而特殊的行业，它涉及生产领域，流通领域和消费领域，涵盖整个国民经济。随着市场经济的发展，生产者与消费者逐步认识到消费意识，商品的促销意识，国际商品的标准化意识，以及增...     

树立云南包装形象的第一步：浅论包装设计的三个要素

包装是商品加工的延伸，是商品生产过程不可缺少的组成部份。在市场经济的条件下，由于产品的更新换代，消费需求不断扩大，销售竞争激化，新材料、新工艺、新技术的开发，消费者对美的追求，环境保护和价格因素，使现代包装日新月异。云南经济发展长期滞后，使云南的包装...     

定量包装商品净含量计量的检验措施

在商品检验中，商品的定量包装商品净含量的检验，是检验定量包装商品计量是否合格的一种最为效手段。基于此，本文针对定量包装商品净含量计量的检验进行讨论，并提出相应的检验措施。     

保护包装设计中的知识产权

现代商品生产的高速发展,同类商品花色品种的日益增多,使琳琅满目、五光十色的商品令消费者目不暇接。在日趋激烈的市场竞争中,如何吸引消费者的注意力是企业竞争能力的重要体现。为此,有人将今天的市场经济又称为“眼球经济”。而商品的包装设计是消费者认知商品的第一关,承载     

“眼球经济”时代包装的别样营销

消费者的眼球是针对一个商品好坏的评价标准,我们会在市场上看到各种各样琳琅满目的包装,消费者会选择哪个呢?外包装如何吸引着消费者?著名的杜邦定律指出,大约63%的消费者是根据商品的包装进行购买决策的。正是因为这样,现在的市场经济被称为眼球经济,只有吸引到消费者的注意,品牌才能被消费者接受,产品才能被消费者购     

浅析编排设计在包装中的应用

“包装是产品的嫁衣”，商品包装代表着商品的形象，是这种商品价值的反映。包装虽然最终是以立体的表现方式呈现给消费者，通过运用编排设计将特定的产品信息与视觉审美相结合，结合消费者潜在的心理诉求，传达商品信息。     

包装中的广告要素

包装首先是为了保护商品，这是设计师要考虑的首要问题。但是包装发展到今天，其内涵越来越大，形式越来越多元化。优良的包装有助于商品的陈列展销，有利于消费者识别选购，激发消费者的购买欲望。因而包装设计也被称为“产品推销设计”。包装设计已成为一个具有广告特点...     

销售包装设计与消费者心理

商品包装的基本功能可解释为保护产品 ,方便储存 ,促进销售。而商品包装的最终目的是为了将商品销售给消费者 ,商品的销售包装与消费者有着紧密的联系 ,因此研究商品的销售包装设计与消费者心理是每个商品包装设计者应当注重的问题。一、销售包装设计的基本内容和设计原则商品的销售包装设计是指选用合适的包装材料 ,运用巧妙的工艺技术手段 ,为包装商品所进行的容器结构造型设计和表面装潢设计。商品的销售包装设计通过对包装容器结构造型、图案、色彩、文字的技术和艺术加工 ,反映出商品的品质、特点、用途、保质期等基本信息 ,使其对消费…     

视觉要素在包装设计中的应用

最早的包装，只是为了在运输过程中，保证产品的安全，不至于被破坏，和便于储存。随着商品竞争的加剧和人们对个性化商品的需求日增，包装的作用也日益明显。一个好的包装能提高产品本身的价值，诱发消费者的购买欲望。现代社会的顾客都是靠自己的选择购物，产品包装是否瞩目，设计是否合理，能否吸引消费者，成为影响销售的重要因素。现代包装，除了完成这些基本目的，逐渐成为产品设计不可或缺的一部分。商品包装最直接的目标是激发消费者进行购买。     

浅谈现代包装设计与商品乐价比的关系

现代科学的高度发展，社会生产力的不断提升，带动了商品经济的发展，从而也带动了包装设计行业的发展。现代商品的包装不仅仅是产品信息传递的载体，还是吸引消费者购买商品，加快商品行销的重要手段。换言之，包装设计现已成为商品营销的重要环节，对商品的销售影响极大。本文分别从包装设计的人性化沟通、包装设计的人文关怀和包装设计的绿色崇仰三个方面，分析现代包装设计与商品乐价比之间相辅相成的促进关系。     

Privatization of agricultural extension services in the EU: Towards a lack of adequate knowledge for small-scale farms?

Small-scale farming involves millions of households in the EU and plays an important role in the rural economy. A significant percentage of these farms produce commodities for the market. This productive dimension is often overlooked, however, as is the technical support needed by these farms. The privatization of national farm advisory systems (NFAS) has an impact on small-scale farming that should be better assessed. This paper, which looks at the characteristics of intangible services, helps demonstrate how the privatization of advisory services may have unexpected adverse effects on small farms. The dismantling of coordinating authorities has made these farms less visible as a target client. Less direct interaction with advisors makes it more difficult to co-produce knowledge that is relevant to their needs. In addition, back office activities such as scientific monitoring, building and updating databases and scientific experiments have been restructured in a way which does not support their interests.     

政企联盟与地方竞争的困局

企业安全生产滑坡、制假售假现象屡禁不止,表面上反映了部分企业家、政府官员的不道德、不作为,背后则是因为受到"政府与企业联盟"逻辑的支配。以"向地方分权与促地方竞争"为主要特征的制度安排为背景,本文发展了一个有关"政企联盟"的概念框架,分析了转型期的政企关系从"共容型联盟"转向"紧密型联盟"的内在逻辑。本文进一步证明,"紧密型联盟"的形成既是分权模式下的必然结果,也是中央政府管治努力被拆解、市场经济负面效应被最大程度释放的根源。随着经济规模的扩大和多元化利益格局的形成,曾经取得了巨大成就的分权模式开始陷入地方竞争的困局,进入到了一个高成本支付期。     

The International Sugar Agreement 1977 — Market regulator and instrument of international policy

The 1977 International Sugar Agreement is one of several contemporary agreements designed to regulate the international market in specific commodities. A commodity agreement at the same time serves as an instrument through which nations international policies are carried out, and defines the rights and duties characterizing the relations between importing and exporting countries. The author examines the 1977 International Sugar Agreement in this context, discussing its regulatory mechanisms, its relation with the ‘New International Economic Order’ and the extent to which the interests of both importers and exporters are protected.     

Knowing me,knowing you: Self- and collective interests in goal development in asymmetric relationships

This paper investigates how self-interests and collective interests in goal development are manifested in the context of asymmetric customer–supplier relationships. Taking an interaction approach (IMP Group, 1982), a conceptual structure highlighting possible patterns of characteristics of the asymmetric customer–supplier relationship and approaches to self- and/or collective interests in goal development has been created.Based on a multiple case study approach, the findings suggest that smaller suppliers who deliberately pursue self-interest in their business activities with larger customers experience better outcomes. Larger customers recognise that the creation of collective business goals enhances the outcome of joint efforts in terms of market impact and profitability. The findings also highlight that trust is perceived as a necessity for the development of collective interests in asymmetric relationships and that the power of the larger customer is not perceived as a constraint. A key conceptual contribution is the identification of two distinct types of asymmetric relationships: ‘product/technology-oriented’ in which self-interest dominates by focusing on one party's resources for developing new products or technology and ‘complementary competencies-oriented’ in which collective interests link the competencies of the larger and smaller party for new joint business ambitions.     

Price transmission across the U.S. food distribution system

Price transmission models are estimated using recursive methods across 100 food commodities. From the individual commodities, short- and long-run price transmission coefficients are estimated for rising and falling prices. These coefficients are classified into five commodity categories and expressed as one vector while coding for causality, market levels, rising/falling prices, short and long run, and time period. Then the impact of each variable is estimated and inferences are drawn about the degree of price transmission. Results show that price linkages are strong but slightly declining over time, with some evidence of asymmetric behavior. Long-run rising prices are passed through more than long-run falling prices, except for fruits and vegetables.     

关于"国际定价权"缺失的思考

中国已经成为全球大宗能源、原材料及农产品的重要进口国,对全球大宗商品市场具有一定的影响力,但这种影响力仅仅体现在需求拉动方面,并没有掌握大宗商品的国际定价话语权,只能被动地承担国际市场投机的风险,对我国经济造成很大的影响。文章通过对石油的进口、消耗、汇率以及市场投机等价格影响因素的分析,提出了促进石油进口合约及战略联盟、建立和完善中国的期货市场、建立采购协调机制、改革和完善市场体制、加强外汇储备的运用、转变经济增长方式等6方面的策略建议,对我国今后的资本运营和发展战略的制定具有一定的参考价值。     

An explanation of intra-industry trade in identical commodities

A model of international trade under conditions of spatial price discrimination is developed in order to demonstrate that intra-industry trade is identical commodities can occur between two countries over a wide range of market structures. The geographic extent of intra-industry trade is shown to be inversely related to the degree of competition affecting imports in each country in the sale of the homogeneous commodity. Furthermore, the degree of intra-industry trade is directly related to the incidence of spatial price discrimination in favor of distant customers.     

Zero-rating arrangements of mobile Internet access service providers – An analysis of main factors shaping the need for regulatory interventions

Zero-rating is the practice of providers of radio-based Internet access for moving telecommunication devices of excluding traffic generated by specific online applications from usage counted towards capped allowances or strictly metered tariffs of their end customers. Worldwide and particularly in the European Union (EU), current regulatory frameworks for zero-rating arrangements (ZRA) imply that regulators have to examine on a case-by-case basis whether they prohibit a concrete ZRA or impose restrictions. Such conditions are set because regulators believe that a ZRA runs counter to the interests of end customers or application providers or impedes effective competition between application and Internet service providers. Thus, it is necessary to clarify which case features ought to be inspected in such zero-rating assessments and which feature levels speak against or in favor of regulatory measures linked to ZRA. The present article identifies nine design features of ZRA, three characteristics of customer groups targeted by such offers and three background characteristics of the markets for Internet access services and applications which are of special importance in decisions concerning the need to regulate (to abstain from regulating) zero-rating practices of mobile network operators. The analysis shows that in many instances interests of end customers, application providers as well as of politicians seeking to promote the competitive dynamics on mobile Internet access service and application markets are best served if regulatory authorities tolerate ZRA and control for potential harmful effects after their market launch. Moreover, the study reveals that empirical research on customer reactions to ZRA is urgently required.     

基于灰色综合评价法的住宅开发项目研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,房地产市场由卖方市场向买方市场转变,住宅开发项目也面临着越来越多的挑战.为了让房地产开发企业在这种经济环境下能够健康持续发展,所开发的住宅项目满足市场需求不造成资源浪费,企业必须了解客户需求.文章利用灰色综合评价法,从顾客的视角出发,找出最受顾客欢迎的住宅项目,对其加以分析.旨在让开发商在开发过程中可以充分考虑顾客的需要,重视顾客最关注的因素,借此提升开发企业的竞争力并塑造良好的品牌形象.     

Development and implementation of customer solutions: A study of process dynamics and market shaping

A broad, dynamic network perspective on solution processes remains scarce. This article presents the process of developing and implementing customer solutions and its effects on the wider business environment by investigating customers and suppliers in the global mining industry (Australia, Chile, and Sweden), analyzing the deployment of a new customer solution, and assessing the changes to the competitive environment and focal firms' relationships with other customers and suppliers. It shows that the forces that drive customer and supplier interests and motivation to co-develop customer solutions may change over time, thus redefining the aim and scope of solutions and creating failure risks. Customers present problems; suppliers respond, on the basis of not only the feasibility of the customer-specific solution but also of their evaluation of future solutions in a broader market; then suppliers aim to standardize successful solutions across markets. Customers want close supplier relationships and unique solutions but also like standardized and repeatable solutions, so they can share development costs with competitors and expose the supplier to competition to avoid lock-in effects. From a network perspective, a novel solution can have a market-shaping effect and evoke reactions from other actors who want to enhance their market position. However, these changes are not necessarily deliberate, and the dynamics that market introductions of solutions trigger may be difficult to predict.