外商直接投资技术外溢对我国产业发展影响的实证分析

我国吸引外商直接投资的不断上升,使得人们越来越关注大量外资的流入对我国经济与社会发展所产生的影响,其中焦点之一是是否存在着外资对国内企业发展的技术外溢效应。本文以前人研究成果为理论分析背景,对我国吸引外商直接投资的技术外溢效应进行了实证检验,得出了外商直接投资对我国经济发展、技术进步具有正外溢效应的结论。认为大力吸引外资作为一项基本国策应长期坚持下去。     

空间溢出效应与产业全要素生产率增长 ———基于轻工业影响因素的空间计量分析

为揭示产业发展的制约因素对其全要素生产率的影响及空间溢出效应，以轻工业为研究对象，利用中国轻工业省际面板数据，通过基于ＤＥＡ 的Ｍａｌｍｑｕｉｓｔ 指数方法计算出省际轻工业全要素生产率，再运用空间回归模型偏微分方法衡量了各影响因素对轻工业全要素生产率的总空间溢出效应、区域间溢出效应和区域内溢出效应。研究发现，中国轻工业全要素生产率增长存在显著的空间依赖性和空间联动性。在影响因素中，信息化、外商直接投资和基础设施对轻工业全要素生产率增长存在正向空间溢出效应，金融扶持、城镇化、对外需求和对内需求对轻工业全要素生产率增长存在负向空间溢出效应。     

外商直接投资技术外溢效应实证研究——以江苏省为例

首先结合江苏省利用外资的实际情况，根据柯布-道格拉斯（C—D）函数建立衡量技术溢出效应的回归模型并进行实证分析。结果表明，从总体上看，外商直接投资存在技术外溢效应。然后根据外商直接投资技术溢出机制，提出提高江苏吸收外商直接投资技术溢出效应的若干政策建议。     

汽车制造业与上游产业关联关系的实证研究——基于外商直接投资视角的分析

文章以外商直接投资对产业关联的传导机制为基点,研究了汽车制造业与其上游产业在外商直接投资视角下的产业关联关系。文章的实证结果也证实了外商直接投资对汽车制造业发展的正向技术外溢影响,否定了上游产业外商直接投资对中国汽车制造业发展的溢出效应。     

内资企业实现技术赶超了吗?——来自中国制造业行业数据的经验研究

本文测度了2001～2007年中国制造业各行业中内资企业和外资企业的技术水平值,克服了以往使用全要素生产率指标仅能反映技术水平变动值的不足,进而回答了内资企业是否实现技术赶超这一命题,并对影响内外资企业技术差距的驱动因素进行了讨论。结果发现内外资企业的整体技术差距在不断缩小,但内资企业仅在劳动密集和一般技术性行业中实现了技术赶超,在资本密集和高技术行业的赶超难度较大。出口、外商直接投资、规模效应对缩小不同行业内外资企业技术差距的作用存在显著差异。     

内资企业实现技术赶超了吗?——来自中国制造业行业数据的经验研究北大核心CSSCI

本文测度了2001～2007年中国制造业各行业中内资企业和外资企业的技术水平值,克服了以往使用全要素生产率指标仅能反映技术水平变动值的不足,进而回答了内资企业是否实现技术赶超这一命题,并对影响内外资企业技术差距的驱动因素进行了讨论。结果发现内外资企业的整体技术差距在不断缩小,但内资企业仅在劳动密集和一般技术性行业中实现了技术赶超,在资本密集和高技术行业的赶超难度较大。出口、外商直接投资、规模效应对缩小不同行业内外资企业技术差距的作用存在显著差异。     

我国企业中外商直接投资的技术转移和技术外溢分析

随着外商直接投资在国内企业的规模和数量逐渐增大,我国不仅在数量上,而且质量上对引进外资的要求也越来越高。本文将主要探讨如何在今后的引进外资过程中,充分和有效引进国外企业的高新技术,增加引资过程中的外资外溢程度,提高利用外资的绩效和水准。     

生产性服务业集聚对制造业企业全要素生产率提升研究

研究目标：考察城市生产性服务业空间集聚对微观制造业企业生产效率提升的影响。研究方法：采用OP方法测度了制造业企业生产率,采用面板模型和工具变量法进行了实证检验。研究发现：相对于专业化集聚,生产性服务业多样化集聚对城市制造业企业全要素生产率提升效果更明显;低端生产性服务业空间集聚对制造业企业生产率的提升作用更加显著;城市生产性服务业空间集聚对国有制造业企业效率提升的作用大于非国有企业;生产性服务业空间集聚对中小城市企业全要素生产率的提升作用效果不明显。研究创新：将空间集聚外溢效应的衰减指数纳入城市生产性服务业空间集聚指标设定之中,考察了不同城市规模和产业层级下生产性服务业空间集聚对微观企业生产效率的差异性影响。研究价值：为企业全要素生产率提升的供给侧改革提供了一个新的视角。     

中国出口企业的生产率优势及其来源识别

出口企业的生产率优势既可能源于出口学习效应,也可能源于自我选择效应。本文利用工业企业数据库和海关贸易数据库的匹配数据,对中国出口企业的生产率优势及其来源进行了定量识别。研究发现,中国出口企业的生产率优势总体上来源于出口学习效应和自我选择效应,但是出口学习效应的贡献要明显高于自我选择效应;此外,生产率较高的出口企业从出口学习效应中获益相对更大。除外资及港澳台企业外,这一结论对于不同行业、不同技术水平、不同规模的企业均是稳健的。大量存在的加工贸易企业是导致外资及港澳台企业产生“出口-生产率悖论”的重要原因。     

FDI对我国高端技术创新的影响——基于省际面板数据的GMM估计

利用1998年～20104年的省际面板数据,文章采用估计动态面板的SYS-GMM方法,研究了外商直接投资（FDI）对我国高端技术创新的影响。结论表明：外商直接投资明显抑制了我国的高端技术创新;入世（WTO）减弱了外资直接投资对我国高端技术的溢出效应;2004年的专利执法改革明显增强了FDI对我国高端技术的外溢。     

Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers in the Chinese manufacturing sector

In this paper a simple simultaneous model is constructed to examine whether there are productivity spillovers from both the presence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and competition between local and foreign firms. The model is tested on the data from China’s latest industrial census in 1995. The results indicate that the extent to which spillovers occur varies with different types of ownership of local firms and of FDI. While collective- and private-owned enterprises benefit from demonstration and contagion effects from foreign presence, productivity gains of state-owned enterprises largely come from competition with foreign firms. Productivities of local and foreign firms are jointly determined. Evidence also suggests that market-oriented FDI tends to generate spillovers mainly via competition with local firms.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Managerial Knowledge Spillovers through the Diffusion of Management Practices

Although managerial knowledge spillovers have long been claimed to be a major benefit of foreign direct investment (FDI), such spillovers have not yet been systematically analysed. This paper adds to the literature by analysing the nature and extent of managerial knowledge spillovers from FDI through the diffusion of management practices. Taking into account the tacit and explicit elements of management practices and distinguishing between industry and non‐industry specific practices, the paper identifies different types of spillovers and discusses their transmission mechanisms. Evidence from establishment‐level panel data from the UK attests to the existence and significance of intra‐industry, linkage, and non‐linkage based inter‐industry spillovers of managerial knowledge from foreign to local firms, although the strength varies for different types of practices. The spillovers are geographically localized, especially in channels without supply chain linkages. Local firms are selective in the adoption of individual practices and the spillover effects are more significant at the cluster and management system level. Reverse spillovers from local firms to MNEs from industrialized countries appear to be limited despite significant spillovers of practices amongst local firms.     

In search of FDI horizontal spillovers in China: evidence from meta-analysis

Quality & Quantity - This paper contributes to the literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) technology spillover effects, focusing on horizontal spillovers from foreign firms to their...     

Multinational Corporations and Spillovers

This paper examines spillover effects of the activities of multinational firms. Such effects are most likely to be found in host countries, where the operations of foreign multinationals may influence local firms in the MNCs own industry as well as firms in other industries. However, there is no comprehensive evidence on the exact nature or magnitude of these effects, although it is suggested that host country spillovers vary systematically between countries and industries. In particular, the positive effects of foreign investment are likely to increase with the level of local capability and competition. The spillovers to the home countries of MNCs are often more difficult to identify, for various reasons. Earlier studies suggest that the effects are generally positive, but the increasing international division of labor within multinationals complicates the analysis. The impact on the home country is likely to depend on what activities these firms concentrate at home.     

FDI spillovers and firm productivity during crisis: Empirical evidence from transition economies

Most studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) are nested within periods of economic prosperity. Our study investigates the impact of FDI spillovers on productivity during the global financial crisis (2006–2014) and the accompanying credit shortage. A dynamic panel analysis of firm-level data from two neighbouring but distinct transition economies, Croatia and Slovenia, reveals that the impact of the crisis may go as far as halting the process of learning through spillovers if firms have difficulties in accessing external funds. The implications of the study may prove particularly beneficial to policy makers grappling with the economic crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Identifying the impact of geographical proximity on spillover effect of FDI: The evidence from Indian local firms’ performance gains

This paper investigates the role of geographical proximity on FDI spillovers from foreign to Indian local firms. We use data set of the manufacturing firms between 1988 and 2018 in India, estimating the productivity based on Cobb–Douglas production function. For measuring geographical proximity, the coordinates of each firm, represented to as ‘latitude and longitude’, provided by Google maps geocoding API is used. To conduct spatial analysis, we adopted the revised ‘SINM’ (Spatial Industrial Network Model)’ with GMM estimator, and used firm based point spatial unit. The analysis, in particular, reveals that within 30 km–70 km distance the presence of FDI creates significant positive backward and negative horizontal spillovers, but gradually decaying as threshold increases. Meanwhile, the negative horizontal spillovers to Indian local firms located within industrial clusters turned to positive, and the positive backward spillovers more magnifies compared to non-clustered firms. Based on these findings, we suggested the several policy implications regarding the development of industrial cluster, FDI promotion policy, and location decision for foreign investors.     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND REGIONAL PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS IN US MANUFACTURING

This research examines how inward foreign direct investment (FDI) impacts manufacturing productivity in select industries across US regions. Although some evidence has documented the phenomenon of knowledge spillovers to national economies, little is known about how the regional penetration of foreign investment affects the productivity performance of local firms. The analysis proceeds in a novel fashion by adjusting aggregate data on industry operating statistics to "net out" the contaminating influence of foreign firms producing in each of the host regional economies. A cross section of state-by-industry observations is used to estimate labor productivity, controlling for FDI penetration both by region and by industry. In general, the results demonstrate that domestic firms do not reap productivity gains as a result of a larger presence of foreign affiliates. Related research efforts, although not specifically concerned with the regional transmission of FDI spillovers, offer corroborative support for these findings.     

Absorptive Capacity and Productivity Spillovers from FDI: A Threshold Regression Analysis*

This paper explores whether the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on productivity growth is dependent on absorptive capacity using recently developed threshold regression techniques. In manufacturing sectors where technology‐exploiting multinationals are prevalent, the results point to the presence of nonlinear threshold effects: the productivity benefit from FDI increases with absorptive capacity until some threshold level beyond which it becomes less pronounced. But there is also a minimum absorptive capacity threshold level below which productivity spillovers from FDI are negligible or even negative. On the contrary, no evidence of productivity spillovers is found in sectors where FDI appears to be motivated by technology‐sourcing considerations.     

WHY IS THERE A LACK OF EVIDENCE ON KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS FROM FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT?

Empirical analyses of knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) offer mixed results; they find positive, neutral and negative FDI spillover effects. This lack of evidence mainly comes from the results of firm‐level panel data analysis. This is important since this approach seems to be the most appropriate for estimating FDI spillovers. The paper takes a look at recent substantive and methodological developments in FDI spillover analysis, which have brought some more optimistic results with regard to FDI spillovers, and can help in further development in this field. The main substantive development relates to the introduction of a broad variety of sources of firm heterogeneity (foreign affiliates as well as local firms) in the analysis. Others include differentiation between vertical (inter‐industry) and horizontal (intra‐industry) spillovers, and host country absorptive capacity for knowledge spillovers. Methodological developments relate to distinguishing between technological/knowledge and productivity spillovers, improvement of modelling and estimation methods, and an increased amount and quality of data.     

A META-ANALYSIS OF FDI AND PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

This meta-analysis reviews the intrasector heterogeneity of productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) in 31 developing countries through a larger more comprehensive data set. We investigate how the inconsistencies in the reported spillover findings are affected by publication bias, characteristics of the data, estimation techniques, and empirical specification, analyzing 1450 spillover estimates from 69 empirical studies published in 1986–2013. Our findings suggest that reported FDI spillover estimates are affected by publication bias. In combination with model misspecification of the primary studies, the bias overstates the genuine underlying meta-effect, but the meta-effect remains economically and statistically significant. Our results emphasize that spillovers and their sign largely depend systematically on specification characteristics of the primary studies and publication bias. Publication bias is not caused by “best practice” choices. Future research needs to cover more developing countries and to investigate not only whether spillovers occur, but also to explore inside the black box of how spillovers actually emerge.