创新管理体制促进农民专业合作经济组织健康发展——以湖北省大悟县农民专业合作经济组织发展为例

农民专业合作经济组织的发展，是建设现代农业、增加农民收入、建设社会主义新农村的有效载体。本文在调查的基础上．指出了大悟县农民专业合作经济纽织存在数量少、规模小、制度安排规范性较差等问题，提出了用服务创新、制度创新、运行机制创新和技术机制等措施促进农民专业合作经济组织健康发展的对策。     

农民合作组织视角下的村庄治理

农民合作组织在村庄事务中扮演着十分重要的角色,本文将其作为村庄社会的内源性主体而分析,认为农民合作组织对村庄治理产生了重要影响,其主要体现在治理主体、治理基础和方式以及治理绩效等几个方面。然而,农民合作组织参与村庄治理仍面临着主体能力不足、多方不信任等一些约束条件,为此,作者提出应明确农民合作组织的功能与定位、增强其主体能力以及构建合作组织和农民之间的信任机制等建议。     

农民专业合作组织治理机制研究

随着农业产业化和农产品商品化程度的提高,我国农民专业合作经济组织的发展方新未艾.然而,我国农民专业合作经济组织治理机制一直存在严重的缺陷,即产权不清晰、内部人控制严重、激励机制不足等,其严重影响了合作组织的凝聚力、竞争力和对农民的带动作用.本文拟在对相关理论研究进行总结综述的基础上,结合有关的案例分析,揭示农民专业合作组织治理机制存在的问题和不足,并提出相应的对策建议.     

以农民专业协会为主体形式 加快发展农民专业合作经济组织

农民合作经济组织建设工作一直是农业行政主管部门的一项重要职能。合作制度和土地制度是农村的两大基本经济制度。改革开放以来我省新型农民合作经济组织不断发展,已成为带领农民发展经济的一种重要组织资源。一、农民专业合作经济组织发展情况农民专业合作经济组织是在农村改     

运营效率:农民专业合作经济组织发展的关键性制约因素

农民专业合作经济组织的运营效率包括内部效率和外部效率两个方面,目前运营效率低下是农民专业合作经济组织发展的关键性制约因素,而造成农民专业合作经济组织运营效率低下的主要原因在于内部治理结构、制度环境、法律环境不完善.因此提高农民专业合作经济组织的运营效率,促进其快速、健康发展关键在于完善其内部治理结构、发展的制度及法律环境.     

农民专业合作经济组织运作方式及评价

随着经济体制改革的不断深入,农民专业合作经济组织作为农民与市场之间的中介组织的作用也日趋显现。以山西省农民专业合作经济组织为主要研究对象,对其数量、类型、发展状态、运作模式、存在问题、影响因素等问题进行研究。分析不同农民专业合作经济组织的经济绩效产生差异的根本原因,把握农民专业合作经济组织创新的机理,并由此为我省农业产业化的组织形式选择与组织创新机制提供操作指导和政策建议。     

农民合作经济组织参与乡村治理策略分析

在国家治理体系建设过程中,乡村治理被纳入到了重点治理工作中,乡村治理将是中国特色社会主义乡村振兴的必经之路。农民合作经济组织是乡村经济发展的重要力量,同时也与乡村治理组织能力有着必然的联系。在本次研究中主要是对农民合作经济组织与乡村治理之间的关系进行系统性的分析,并根据目前合作过程中存在的问题,提出相应的对策。     

干旱区农民节水合作经济组织治理熵研究

利用耗散结构理论建立治理熵模型,分析了农民节水合作经济组织治理问题,提出应该从组织机构、制度建设、利益机制、培训等角度采取措施,但需要根据具体组织模式各有所侧重。     

农民专业合作经济组织内部治理与规制路径——以重庆市潼南县为例

经过对作为改造小农户经济的主要组织形式--—农民专业合作经济组织的规范和调查研究,发现农民专业合作经济组织存在内部侵权、内部控制无效或形式化、信息监督与薪酬激励控制失衡等问题,原因是内部治理与规制存在缺陷,导致难以实现内部成员权益平等和内部秩序有效,成为农民成员增收的障碍。保障农民合作经济组织健康可持续成长,最终实现农民合作经济组织成员的共同富裕,完善内部治理规制成为必然。     

农民合作经济组织的新制度经济学分析

在众多的经济组织形式中,合作经济以独特的制度安排和运行机制,成为人们尤其是弱势群体通过互助达到自助的一个重要组织手段.为此,全世界合作经济的实践家和理论家们一直进行着执著和不懈的努力.如何加快我国农民合作经济组织的发展,对解决我国"三农"问题、深化农村改革、建设现代农业和实现农业制度创新具有十分重要的战略意义.然而,当前我国农民专业合作组织的发展形势不容乐观,面临着许多制度政策障碍,如国家法律制度供给上的不足,合作组织内部制度建设和运行机制方面存在着严重缺陷,政府对合作经济组织的工作没有科学到位等.因此,需要政府扩大制度供给,优化宽松的发展环境,扶持农民合作经济组织的发展.     

A toolbox for garden governance

A substantial fraction of the open space in (peri-) urban and rural areas is covered by domestic gardens which support the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Although individually they may look insignificant, the aggregation of domestic gardens and of gardening actions can be significant. Referring to ‘the tyranny of small decisions’, we launch the concept of a ‘resource by small gardening actions’: the positive cumulative outcome of individual garden owners adopting pro-environmental gardening practices. Using qualitative research, we gained a thorough insight into the barriers and levers related to the development of domestic gardens as a ‘resource by small gardening actions’. By combining the data from expert interviews with a design workshop addressing garden and landscape architects, and focus groups with private garden owners, we identified eight barriers and nine levers. These levers are part of a ‘mix and match’ toolbox, allowing the development of tailor-made strategies for garden governance. These insights increase the understanding on if and how private actors and their properties could become part of policy plans to support ecosystem services. This adds to the global understanding of the strategic value of daily-life landscapes that exist all over the world.     

IT治理与渔业管理信息化

随着信息技术的迅速发展和大量应用,信息化建设在我国已取得很大成绩,但同时,信息化建设和推进中深层次的问题,也受到越来越广泛的关注,如信息化战略与组织战略的一致性、信息化的风险控制与审计,使得IT治理的研究受到了国内外学者的关注。作者通过IT治理内容和相关模型的研究,结合渔业管理信息化进程,对渔业管理信息系统的建设进行了分析,对如何运用IT治理的理念管理渔业信息化建设,加强规划,控制风险,提高管理质量,使信息化项目发挥最大效益提出了建议。     

协同治理框架下黄河流域河南段水环境治理

为推进黄河流域河南段水环境善治进程,通过对水环境主要特征以及质量现状的分析,结合协同治理理论,构建了由党、政府、企业、社会组织、公众等多元主体参与,基于利益协调机制、信息公开机制、制度信任机制和政策协同机制这4个影响机制而形成的黄河流域河南段水环境协同治理分析框架。基于该协同治理分析框架,针对目前黄河流域河南段水环境治理过程中存在的问题,提出优化职权范围、推动多元主体参与以及完善影响机制等政策建议。     

The institutional fit of peatland governance in Indonesia

The Government of Indonesia has published a number of policies and regulations to better manage its vast amount of tropical peatland, yet the degradation and conversion of Indonesian peatlands still continues. This paper analyses the institutional fit between Indonesian regulations related to peatland use and the characteristics of peatland users. We reviewed Indonesian legal policies and regulations on peatland use and management and conducted questionnaires and interviews with peatland users and policy makers in order to understand their practices and incentives in relation to the implementation of the four main peatland regulations. We focus on two provinces with large peatland areas: Jambi and Central Kalimantan. Using a framework for assessing the degrees of fit between the rule creators and adopters for peatland management, this paper shows that the degree of technical, political, and cultural fit of Indonesian peatland regulations can be classified as low to moderate. The paper shows that many peatland users are insufficiently aware of peatland regulations. The lack of socialisation on the contents of the regulations and the alternatives for peatland best practices, together with the lack of field monitoring and law enforcement are the important causes of non-compliance with peatland regulations. However, there are ongoing processes of fitting visible that are largely driven by the local government and NGOs. We discuss the degrees of fit and present some lessons for increasing the degree of fit for peatland regulations.     

整体性治理视角下的河长制评析

为了深入了解河长制,推进河长制顺利实施,进而提升河长制对河湖治理的效用水平,运用整体性治理理论对河长制的适用性与实用性进行论证,梳理了河长制的概况和推进进程,分析了河长制实际执行中存在的层级整合落实问责真空化、功能整合压力导向难以持久、部门整合参与主体单一化等问题,提出了构建整体责任、设计法律保障制度及提倡多元参与主体的建议。     

Assessing governance of biosphere reserves in Central Europe

The biosphere reserve (BR) concept, developed within UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, represents a hallmark in seeking to reconcile conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The MAB Programme functioning mechanisms leave the responsibility for the translation of its BR objectives to the management authorities of the participating countries. While a shift to broad social and livelihood perspectives is emerging in the BR Programme, reflecting contemporary requirements for the sustainable management of larger territories including protected areas, it suffers from implementation deficits at the local level.     

中国村民自治与农村土地问题

中国农村集体土地所有制是村民自治的经济基础。现行的农村土地所有权主体与村民自治组织具有某种同构关系。在完善现行家庭承包经营责任制中，必须坚持和维护符合国家法律法规和政策、民主议定、平等互利和协商一致以及公平合理与诚实信用等一系列原则。由于中国农村土地所有权主体具有凝固性，农民和农户的土地经营权具有长期性，因此需要特别注意正确处理土地承包经营权的转包、转让、继承以及土地承包经营合同的履行、变更与解除等影响农民根本利益的重大问题。     

Adapting governance for coastal change in Portugal

In many countries, but particularly in Portugal, coastal conditions are already endangered by flooding and erosion, both likely to increase as a result of climate change. This daunting prospect raises critical questions of sustainability; social justice; genuine public participation and social learning; effective financing for long term social and economic benefit; connected polycentric governance; and the appropriate use of scientific knowledge bonded to public and political trust. While the development of most shorelines is nominally shaped by public administrative action, rapid coastal migration and excessive economic concentration have turned many threatened coastlines into a stage for settlement hazard and institutional chaos. In Portugal, despite clear evidence of increasing flooding and erosion, appropriate management responses are proving inadequate, both in the turbulent planning framework and in the scarce financial provision for future safeguard. The only plausible alternatives seem to lie in the processes of progressive adaptive governance, involving the trust and full participation of local communities; strongly supported scientific assessments of threat and safety; and fresh approaches to finding suitable funding sources. However, as evident from interviews with key actors in coastal planning in Portugal, the lack of policy clarity and political will, the weak science and poor coordination of stakeholders, combined with the particular regenerating coastal cultures of these communities, make any organised adaptive approaches highly problematic. This consequently places more emphasis on the rich cultural meanings of coastal occupation; of national identity in a time of economic crisis; of social justice in a period of reduced coastal maintenance funding; and of a more measured and sequential approach to an adaptive coastal governance.     

The meanings of forest governance in Esmeraldas,Ecuador

Participatory forestry has become the most accepted way of exploiting timber resources in tropical rain forests. This paper shows the links between participatory forestry, sustainable forest management and the continuing objective of reconciling conservation with commercial development in the province of Esmeraldas, one of the poorest and most rapidly deforested regions of South America. I describe and contextualize the evolving logging programme of a leading Ecuadorian wood-processing group to show that the decentralization of the development process, the recognition of local communities as legal entities in the management of natural resources, and the active involvement of profit-oriented firms in biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation all contribute to the emergence of new alliances between the Ecuadorian government, the logging companies, conservation and human rights organizations, and local Black and indigenous communities. My central argument is that devolution in this context leads to conflictive interpretations of regulation. I end with a discussion of the multi-scalar nature of “forest governance”, and highlight the contribution it makes to our understanding of control, regulation and management in new contexts of privatization and decentralization.     

The relevance of governance models for estuary management plans

The latest theories on the governance of water resources point to the need to adopt integrated approaches, allowing the mediation of conflict between public and private interests by building consensus to include the participation of stakeholders and civil society in formulating and implementing policies, thereby ensuring their legitimacy. Models of governance have particular relevance in the context of estuaries, because of the complexity associated with them. Estuaries are areas where valuable, highly sensitive and diverse natural systems coexist, which are frequently threatened by the numerous human activities concentrated there. They are also areas where several organizations overlap, with their own jurisdictions and management instruments and where there is a wide range of users with distinct interests. At a time when the Planos de Ordenamento de Estuários (POE) (Estuary Land Use and Management Plan), a new tool for water resource management and planning, are being drawn up in Portugal, this paper discusses the specificities of the new Portuguese estuary plans, as well as associated potentials and constraints to further understand how water resources and land use policies may effectively be integrated in estuary contexts. It critically analyses the Portuguese legal framework established for these plans, arguing that, in spite of the novelty of the newly defined legal measures to better plan and manage estuaries, implementation of its ambitious objectives requires a robust governance model for plan preparation and implementation. Taking into account the main institutional features of complex estuaries with various agencies, stakeholders and users, as well as relevant governance principles, this paper proposes a governance model capable of enriching the implementation of estuary plans by contributing to a stronger involvement of all stakeholders and users in the construction of the plan, allowing conciliation of interests and participation in decision-making, within a framework of collaborative governance. Whilst the paper focuses on the Portuguese Law, the approach adopted is also of interest to other countries to assessing estuary planning regulations and associated collaborative measures.