湖南洞许湖区湿地的利用和保护研究

湖南洞庭湖区是我国面积最大的湖泊型湿地分布区之一，其湿地类型众多，分布广泛演替过程复杂。功能显著。目前，洞许湖区湿地资源利用和保护中存在利用水平不高，湖泊调蓄功能下降和湿地生态功能衰退等问题。为了合理开发和保护湖区湿地资源，必须大力发展湿地综合农业，稳定湖泊水体湿地面积，加强湿地生态环境建设。     

大兴安岭地区湿地现状及保护

大兴安岭现存湿地824490hm^2像一座庞大的蓄水库，支撑和维系着大兴安岭寒温带森林生态系统；近几十年来由于湿地开垦、气候变化，用水被截，水质污染等原因，致使该区湿地大幅度减少，亟待实施有效保护。     

湖南洞庭湖区湿地的利用和保护研究

湖南洞庭湖区是我国面积最大的湖泊型湿地分布区之一，其湿地类型众多．分布广泛．演替过程复杂．功能显著．目前．洞庭湖区湿地资源利用和保护中存在利用水平不高、湖泊调蓄功能下降和湿地生态功能衰退等问题．为了合理开发和保护湖区湿地资源．必须大力发展湿地综合农业．稳定湖泊水体湿地面积．加强湿地生态环境建设。     

我国湿地土壤资源及其可持续利用

中国湿地土壤资源类型多、分布广、面积大。湿地土壤具有有机质含量高、矿质养分丰富、还原性能强的特点。随着我国人口的持续增长和社会经济的发展，湿地土壤资源正面临质量退化、生态环境功能弱化和生物多样性减少的威胁。在此基础上提出了我国湿地土壤资源可持续利用的对策，即开发利用与保护增殖兼顾；加强农田基本建设、用地养地结合；因地制宜、综合利用，建设湿地生态农业。     

论湿地的科学管理和合理利用

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境资源之一。从我国湿地资源目前面临严重的威胁分析，不同历史时期的政策导向加速了湿地的破坏，保护湿地就是保护生态环境、保护家园；应建立科学管理和合理利用湿地的运作机制，还地球一个建康的“肾”。     

沧州市南大港湿地保护对策研究

南大港湿地是在自然因素和人为影响共同作用下形成的半人工滨海沼泽湿地；介绍了南大港湿地及动植物资源，分析了该湿地面临的主要问题并提出了保护对策。     

洞庭湖湿地水域生态农业发展模式研究

洞庭湖区湿地水域有3种类型：湖盆中心敞水带、滨湖季节性淹没带和湖区外环渍水低地带，呈碟形盆地圈带状立体景观结构的特征，即同心环带状：湖盆中心带、湖滨中环带、外环带。该湿地动植物资源、水资源十分丰富，有辽阔的湖洲滩地。分析洞庭湖湿地水域经济发展存在的问题：湿地面积减少，蓄水能力及调蓄洪水能力减弱，洪涝灾害频繁；生态功能退化，生物多样性受损；水质污染严重，水产品质量下降。鉴于洞庭湖湿地复杂的生态系统和丰富多样的水域资源及现存问题，提出分别适应洞庭湖区3种类型湿地水域的生态农业开发模式，以期达到保护湖区湿地水域生态环境、湿地资源持续利用、生态效益与经济效益并重的目的。     

第11个“世界湿地日”宣传活动在西溪国家湿地公园举行

2月2日，当第11个“世界湿地日”来临之际，省林业厅，杭州市林水局、西溪国家湿地公园管委会联合在西溪国家湿地公园举行了丰富多彩的主题宣传活动。团省委、省海洋渔业局、省自然博物馆．团市委，杭州市农业局共同协办。省林业厅副厅长祁宏和有关领导、专家参加宣传活动并讲话。免费开放的西溪湿地公园迎来了数以千计的游客，看渔夫们撒网捕鱼，昕专家讲解湿地生物的秘密，为保护宝贵的湿地资源写下寄语。同时，还举办了湿地知识有奖竞答，观看湿地鱼类荨生物标本、湿地保护科普知识咨询、小学生文艺表演等活动。通过活动＋倡导人们从一点一滴做起，爱护湿地，爱护森林，爱护鸟类，保护地球母亲，保护美丽的家园。[第一段]     

丽水的湿地保护管理

2008年以来，丽水市林业系统以扩大湿地面积、提高湿地功能为核心，以湿地保护与恢复、湿地合理利用示范，以及湿地管护能力建设为重点，较好地推进了湿地保护管理工作。     

黑龙江省湿地保护与生态旅游开发

黑龙江省是我国面积最大的淡水湿地分布区，原始湿地面积达850万hm^2，占全省土地面积的17．7％，由于多年的开发，现存湿地面积为434万hm^2，占全省土地面积的9．55％。由于近年来加强了湿地保护和退耕还湿，湿地正逐渐恢复，陆续建立了41处湿地类型的自然保护区。在保护湿地的同时，也应合理利用湿地资源，在不影响湿地生态系统平衡的前提下，进行合理开发和利用；就湿地生态旅游开发进行了深入的探讨和研究。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.